Mutations
APOE c.-286T>G (rs405509)
Other Names: rs405509, -219T/G, -219G/T, Th1/E47cs
Quick Links
Overview
Clinical
Phenotype: Alzheimer's Disease, Multiple Conditions
Position: (GRCh38/hg38):Chr19:44905579 T>G
Position: (GRCh37/hg19):Chr19:45408836 T>G
Transcript: NM_000041; ENSG00000130203
dbSNP ID: rs405509
Coding/Non-Coding: Non-Coding
DNA
Change: Substitution
Reference
Isoform: APOE Isoform 1
Genomic
Region: 2kb upstream
Findings
Summary
This common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the APOE promoter is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although many studies have examined this association, it is still unclear whether the variant has an independent effect on AD risk, potentiates the effect of the risk allele C130R (APOE4), or is simply inherited together with a damaging variant. One intriguing possibility is that the variant contributes to differences in APOE4 vulnerability in populations of different ancestries, but so far, only one study has provided supporting evidence.
Understanding this variant’s relationship to AD has been challenging because its effect on AD is likely moderate, whether and how linkage with other genetic variants was accounted for has varied between studies, and the location of the variant relative to the APOE2/3/4 alleles on individual chromosomes (i.e., whether they are in cis or trans) has rarely been examined. Moreover, the influence of other factors, such as age and hormonal status, appear to be important, but have yet to be examined in depth.
In addition to AD risk, the variant has been associated with many other conditions, most notably several related to lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health.
As expected from its location in the APOE promoter, this variant modulates APOE transcription. Compared with the G allele, the T allele appears to reduce expression and this reduction seems to correlate with increased methylation of the APOE gene. Also, transcription factors that bind to other positions in the APOE promoter, as well as regulatory molecules that vary between cell types and species, appear to affect c.-286T>G function.
Association with AD
The c.-286T>G SNP was first described in a search for regulators of APOE gene expression (Artiga et al., 1998a). Sequencing nucleotides −1017 to +406 in samples of 75 unrelated Spanish individuals, the authors identified three new polymorphisms, including c.-286T>G, in the APOE promoter. Shortly after, c.-286T>G was identified in a search for variants that modify the risk of AD associated with APOE4 (Lambert et al., 1998a; Lambert et al., 1998b). The authors sequenced 375 bp of the APOE promoter and identified the -219 site, corresponding to c.-286T>G, as being polymorphic in two French elderly cohorts. The site was named Th1/E47cs, short for Th1/E47 consensus sequence, because it mapped to a potential binding site for the Th1/E47 transcription factor. Examining the polymorphism’s association with APOE4 and AD, the authors reported the c.-286T allele was linked to APOE4 and increased AD risk beyond that associated with APOE4. Consistent with these early findings, most subsequent association studies and meta-analyses, including thousands of individuals, have identified statistically significant associations between c.-286T and AD (Table 1).
However, whether the polymorphism potentiates the effect of APOE4 as suggested by the early studies, or has an independent effect on AD risk, or is simply inherited together with APOE4 or another damaging variant, remains unclear (Table 2). Multiple studies in the late ‘90s and early 2000s, including small cohorts of different ancestries, reported associations between c.-286T and AD that failed to hold after adjustment for APOE4.
Linkage between c.-286T and APOE4 does not appear to be the sole explanation for c.-286T’s association with elevated AD risk, however. Although early studies reported that the c.-286T allele and APOE4 are very often inherited together, as are the c.-286G and APOE2 alleles (e.g., Lambert et al., 1998b, Rebeck et al., 1999, Zurutuza et al., 2000, Belbin et al., 2007), more recent, larger studies show weak linkage. For example, a study of over 17,000 Caucasians reported linkage disequilibrium values that failed to reach statistical significance ([T allele with E4] D’=0.650, r2=0.087; Nazarian et al., 2019). Similar values were reported in a study of 74,940 Danish individuals (Rasmussen et al., 2020). Additional data on the linkage between c.-286T>G and other nearby variants, across several populations, can be found in the GWAS catalog (click on “Linkage Disequilibrium” tab in the “Available data” section).
A few studies support the possibility of c.-286T>G acting as a modulator of APOE4-associated risk, as originally suggested by Lambert and colleagues (Lambert et al., 1998a; Lambert et al., 1998b). This group pointed out that c.-286T>G was likely to have effects in cis, given its location in a promoter. Thus, APOE3/E4 heterozygotes, for example, are expected to experience different physiological consequences depending on whether they carry a c.-286T allele on their APOE3- or their APOE4-bearing chromosome. Lescai and colleagues reported that, in individuals over 75, when c.-286T and APOE4 were predicted to be in phase, i.e., on the same chromosome, only then did the variant boost the risk for late-onset AD (see Table 2, Lescai et al., 2011).
Interestingly, evidence for c.-286T>G modulating APOE4 risk surfaced again in a search for genetic factors that modify this risk in populations of different ancestries (Choi et al., 2019, see Table 2). After screening the promoter and 3’ untranslated region of APOE in approximately 20,000 East Asians, 16,000 individuals of European ancestry, and 5,000 African Americans, c.-286T>G emerged as the SNP with the largest difference in allele frequency between ancestries, particularly among APOE4 homozygotes, with the T allele being frequent in East Asians (0.74), less frequent in European Americans (0.53), and least frequent in African Americans (0.28), mirroring the populations’ APOE4-associated risk. Moreover, among APOE4 homozygotes of European ancestry, AD risk increased in a dose-dependent manner with the number of c.-286T alleles, and T homozygotes had a younger age of disease onset and more severe cortical atrophy than those carrying a G allele. Similarly, in the East Asian group, the odds of AD associated with APOE4 homozygosity were substantially higher for TT individuals compared with GT individuals. African Americans were excluded from these analyses due to small sample size. Of note, c.-286T>G is just one of several candidates that may contribute to population differences in APOE4 risk; see APOE4 and APOE region.
How other factors, such as estrogen (Lambert et al., 2004) and age (Lambert et al., 2002, Beyer 2002b, Beyer et al., 2005, Nicodemus et al., 2004), may affect c.-286T>G’s relationship with AD have also been studied. One meta-analysis, for example, indicated that age accentuated the risk associated with the TT genotype, and in the oldest carriers, increased risk was seen in both APOE4 carriers and non-carriers (see table 2, Lambert et al., 2002).
Association with AD Endophenotypes
In addition to being studied in the context of AD risk, c.-286T>G has been examined for its associations with AD endophenotypes. For example, Choi et al.’s study found that APOE4 homozygotes, from both East Asian and Caucasian ancestry, suffered from greater atrophy in the medial temporal cortex, precuneus, and hippocampus than APOE3 homozygotes when carrying two T alleles (p<0.01), but not two G alleles (p>0.05, Choi et al., 2019). Moreover, a GWAS study of 866 Caucasians reported a significant association of the polymorphism with changes in the volumes of AD-relevant subcortical regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, putamen, and nucleus accumbens (p=0.0002, Meng et al., 2020). However, in a Korean cohort, the variant was only minimally associated with AD pathologies evaluated by brain imaging (adjusted p > 0.4, Seo et al., 2020).
Also, a couple of studies have found correlations between c.-286T>G and amyloid pathology, but their sample sizes were small. A study of 114 British individuals, for example, found an association between the TT genotype and a higher level of parenchymal Aβ deposition, independent of APOE4 allele status (p<0.05, Lambert et al., 2005). Moreover, in an American cohort including 313 individuals, the c.-286G allele was associated with elevated levels of total Aβ peptide in cerebrospinal fluid (p<0.05), but not with the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio (Kauwe et al., 2009).
Other Neurological effects
Several studies have reported the c.-286T allele being negatively correlated with cognitive function and neurological health in non-demented, elderly individuals. Ma and colleagues, for example, reported reduced performance in tests of general cognition, episodic memory, processing speed, and executive function by Chinese APOE4 carriers who were homozygous for the c.-286T allele compared with individuals carrying the G allele (Ma et al., 2016a). The authors also found a reduction in grey matter volume in the inferior temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus, which correlated with cognitive phenotype. The same group also reported negative effects on brain connectivity, in particular associated with the default mode network (Ma et al., 2016b), and a subsequent study found alterations in fronto-parietal connectivity (Zhang et al., 2020).
Consistent with these findings, other studies of Chinese non-demented individuals have reported TT carriers as more frequently having decreased attention and executive function, as well as disrupted white matter connections (Shu et al., 2015, Chang et al., 2017). Moreover, accelerated age-related reduction of thickness of the left parahippocampal gyrus has been observed in TT carriers compared with G-allele carriers (Chen et al., 2015). Providing evidence from a European population, a study of individuals from the Helsinki Birth cohort revealed an association of the c.-286G allele with higher total cognitive ability, independent of the major APOE2/3/4 isoforms (Rantalainen et al., 2016). More recently, a GWAS of European Americans revealed an association of the T allele with reduced levels of ApoE in plasma, a trait that correlated with worse cognitive function (Aslam et al., 2023). The effect appeared to be independent from other variants in the APOE region. A previous study, also in individuals of European ancestry, reported lower ApoE plasma levels associated with a higher risk of dementia, and specifically AD (Rasmussen et al., 2020).
On the other hand, one study of a longitudinal cohort of American men found no association between the polymorphism and cognitive performance (Prada et al., 2014), and another study of a small cohort of eldery Chinese reported a weak association of the GG genotype with an increased risk of cognitive impairment compared with TT and TG genotypes and suggested an interaction with cadmium plasma levels (Ye et al., 2023). Moreover, a study of over a million individuals identified c.-286T as one of 765 genome-wide SNPs contributing to educational attainment (Lee et al., 2018).
In addition, a few studies have analyzed the association of c.-286T>G with neurological disorders unrelated to AD. For example, a study including 510 Chinese patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 510 controls found a correlation between the T allele and increased susceptibility to PD (Huang et al., 2020). Also, a study of 60 Mexican families with schizophrenia concluded that the c.-286G allele on an APOE3 background was associated with the disease (Tovilla-Zarate et al., 2009). Moreover, a few small studies suggest c.-286T>G may influence outcomes in traumatic brain injury, but the effect remains uncertain (Panenka et al., 2017, Reuter-Rice et al., 2018, Abrahams et al., 2018). One small study found the c.-286G allele associated with ischemic stroke, but not with the severity of intracranial atherosclerosis, in contrast to converse associations detected for APOE4 (Abboud et al., 2008). Although a study of a small sample of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients did not reveal an association with c.-286T>G, it did identify association with a haplotype that included the variant (Kaushal et al., 2007).
Conflicting findings have been reported for c.-286T>G association with risk for macular degeneration (Fritsche et al., 2009, McKay et al., 2011), glaucoma (Lam et al., 2006, Saglar et al., 2014, Guo et al., 2015), and obstructive sleep apnea (Kalra et al., 2008, Kripke et al., 2010).
Non-neurological effects
The c.-286T>G polymorphism has also been examined in the context of a wide range of non-neurological conditions, with traits related to cardiovascular health among the most intensively studied. In a French cohort, the polymorphism was reported to be associated with a moderately elevated risk of myocardial infarction and the effect was independent of the APOE2/3/4 alleles (Lambert et al., 2000). Similarly, an independent, and possibly additive, effect of the variant on the severity of coronary artery disease was described in patients from the U.K. (Ye et al., 2003). In addition, in a cohort of Finnish individuals, those with premature coronary heart disease had a higher frequency of c.-286T and APOE4 alleles, when analyzed separately or combined, than healthy controls (Viitanen et al., 2001). Of note, whereas one study found that Swedish women carrying both the APOE4 and c.-286T alleles suffered from higher cardiovascular mortality (Fredriksson et al., 2007), a study of Danish individuals over age 85 failed to identify increased risk of cardiovascular mortality associated with either APOE4 or c.-286T homozygosity (Heijmans et al., 2001). Similarly, a study of a Chinese Han population showed no association of c.-286T>G with hypertension (Zhang et al., 2015).
Also, the SNP has been reported to have a dose-dependent effect on ApoE blood levels (Lambert et al., 2000), as well as influence other blood lipoprotein and lipid profiles (Moreno et al., 2003, Klos et al., 2006, Pare et al., 2007, Ken-Dror et al., 2010, Rudkowska et al., 2013, Radwan et al., 2014, Pirim et al., 2019, Gallois et al., 2019, Harshfield et al., 2021). For example, a GWAS study of over 6,000 Finnish men identified associations between c.-286T>G and serum HDL/phospholipid levels, as well as levels of serum polyunsaturated fatty acids (Gallois et al., 2019). Moreover, associations in non-Hispanic whites with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were identified after adjusting for the APOE 2/3/4 isoforms (Radwan et al., 2014, Pirim et al., 2019). In some studies, however, the independence of the effects of c.-286T>G have been less clear. For example, in a group of healthy men in the U.K., c.-286T was associated with higher levels of plasma LDL-C and ApoB, but only in APOE4 carriers (Ken-Dror et al., 2010). In addition, at least some effects of the SNP may depend on whether blood metabolites are measured before or after eating (Moreno et al., 2003), as well as on diet composition (Moreno et al., 2004).
The c.-286T>G polymorphism may associate with other conditions as well. Some studies, for example, have reported associations with altered glucose metabolism (e.g., Clark et al., 2009, Komurcu-Bayrak et al., 2011), although one study reported no effect on type 2 diabetes risk (Geng et al., 2011). Moreover, conflicting findings have been reported for c.-286T>G association with renal cell carcinoma (Moore et al., 2009, Lv et al., 2015). Additional reports include associations with chronic kidney disease (Yoshida et al., 2009), bone structural traits influenced by diet (Tolonen et al., 2011), and leprosy (Wang et al., 2018). Interestingly, a GWAS including over 125,000 individuals identified c.-286T>G as a SNP that affected HDL cholesterol levels associated with short sleep time (Noordam et al., 2019). Not surprisingly, associations with longevity have also been reported (Lu et al., 2014, Ryu et al. 2016).
Biological effects
Most studies of this variant in the APOE promoter indicate the T allele reduces transcription of the gene relative to the G allele. Decreased levels of ApoE have been found in postmortem brain tissue and in blood of carriers of the c.-286T allele, particularly in TT homozygotes (Lambert et al., 1998b, Lambert et al., 2000, Moreno et al., 2003, Lambert et al., 2005, Choi et al., 2019). Consistent with these findings, Artiga and colleagues reported that substituting the c.-286T allele with a G in transfected human hepatoma cells resulted in a 169 percent increase in transcription (Artiga et al., 1998a). Subsequent in vitro experiments yielded similar results (Campillos et al., 2003, Ramos et al., 2005, Maloney et al., 2010, Choi et al., 2019), although the effect was undetectable in one study (Tycko et al., 2004).
The consequences of these findings are still under investigation. The T allele's association with reduced transcription and increased AD risk in APOE4 homozygotes, for example, led Choi and colleagues to propose that increasing ApoE4 levels could be of therapeutic value (Choi et al., 2019). However, after evaluating multiple studies in humans and animal models, the APOE4 NIA/ADSP Consortium concluded the opposite, at least for individuals of European and African ancestry (Vance et al., 2024). The authors of this report also recommended collecting more data on Asian populations.
Some studies indicate that regulation of APOE transcription by c.-286T>G may vary between cell types and species. Campillos et al., for example, found different effects of c.-286T>G on APOE transcription in lymphocytes or erythroleukemia cells compared with hepatoma or astrocytoma cells (Campillos et al., 2003), while Maloney and colleagues reported transcriptional differences between human neuroblastoma and rat PC12 cells (Maloney et al., 2010). Also of note, c.-286T is within the HuC functional domain of the APOE promoter which, spanning nucleotides -366 to -101, acted as a negative regulatory element in a reporter assay using uninduced human neuronal cells and a positive regulatory element in uninduced human glial cells (Maloney et al., 2007). In contrast, the corresponding mouse sequence (which did not overlap completely with the human sequence) had no apparent effect in neuronal cells and a negative effect in glial cells.
One factor that may contribute to such differences is the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNPA1 (A1) whose expression varies between cell types (Campillos et al., 2003). Using DNA-affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze the binding of proteins in nuclear extracts of human T lymphocytes to the APOE promoter, the authors found A1 specifically binding to the T, but not G, allele of c.-286T>G as part of a transcriptional regulatory complex (Campillos et al., 2003). Interestingly, A1 appeared to promote an increase in transcriptional activity, reducing the differences in basal transcriptional activity between c.-286T and c.-286G. Consistent with this observation, two cell lines that express high levels of A1 constitutively, Jurkat T-lymphocytes and CB7 erythroleukemia cells, showed no significant differences in the basal activity of a promoter bearing c.-286T versus c.-286G, while in cells that express lower levels of A1, human HepG2 hepatoma cells and human U87 astrocytoma cells, allelic differences were robust.
In addition, the c.-286T>G SNP may interact with other polymorphisms to modulate APOE transcription (Maloney et al., 2010). In human neuroblastoma cells, the reduced transcription associated with the c.-286T allele was modulated by c.-558A>T, another promoter variant. In the presence of c.-558A, which increased transcription, c.-286T intensified the upregulation, while c.-286G muted it. Based on electrophoretic mobility shift assays, Southwestern blots, and consensus sequence analyses, Maloney and colleagues predicted the c.-558A variant has greater affinity for the SP1 transcription factor than c.-558T, while c.-286G has greater affinity for GATA family transcription factors than c.-286T. Moreover, in vitro reporter assays revealed the c.-558A/c.-286T genotype increased expression, presumably via SP1 binding to c.-558A, whereas c.-558A/c.-286G and c.-558T/c.-286G led to moderate levels of transcription, presumably because GATA factor(s) binding to c.-286G overrode the effects of the more distal c.-558A>T site. The lowest levels of transcription were observed with the c.-558T/c.-286T genotype, in which binding of transcription factors to both sites was predicted to be minimal. Linkage disequilibrium between these two variants appears to be weak (for c.-558T/c.-286T D’=0.153, r2=0.005; Rasmussen et al., 2020).
DNA methylation has surfaced as yet another piece of the c.-286T>G regulatory puzzle. Ma and colleagues found that methylation of the APOE gene, which correlated with decreased APOE transcription, was highest in TT homozygotes, intermediate in heterozygotes, and lowest in GG homozygotes (Ma et al., 2015). Interestingly, age affected the influence of c.-286T>G on methylation. For carriers of the G allele, GG and TG genotypes, older age was associated with lower methylation levels of the APOE promoter. In contrast, TT homozygotes had elevated methylation levels regardless of age.
c.-286T>G may also have transcriptional effects that depend on AANCR, an RNA enhancer which includes c.-286T>G in its sequence (Watts et al., 2022). In some cells and under stress, AANCR is fully transcribed and promotes APOE expression, whereas in others, it is only partially transcribed adopting a configuration that represses expression. Of note, expression of AANCR in astrocytes is highly correlated with APOE expression (Zhang et al., 2016).
This variant's PHRED-scaled CADD score (9.36), which integrates diverse information in silico, did not reach 20, a commonly used threshold to predict deleteriousness (CADD v.1.6, Nov 2022).
Table
Table1: AD Association
Study Type | Risk Allele(s) | Allele Freq. AD | CTRL |
N Cases | CTRL |
Association Results | Ancestry (Cohort) |
Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GWAS Meta-analysis | G | 71,8880a | 383,378 | z=-25.60 p=1.58x10-144 |
European (PGC-ALZ, IGAP, ADSP) |
Jansen et al., 2019 | |
GWAS Meta-analysis | T | 21,982 | 41,944 | p=3.11x10-114 | European (IGAP Rare Variants: Stage 1) |
Kunkle et al., 2019b | |
GWAS | T | 21,392 | 38,164 | p=2.3x10-99 | Mixed ancestry (ADGC Transethnic LOAD: All Samples) |
Jun et al., 2017b | |
GWAS Meta-analysis | T | 17,536 | 36,175 |
p=4.16x10-70 (APOE-Stratified Analysis: All Samples) |
(IGAP) | Jun et al., 2016b | |
GWAS Meta-analysis | G | 17,008 | 37,154 | p=4.4x10-73 | European (IGAP 2013: Stage 1) |
Lambert et al., 2013b | |
GWAS Meta-analysis | T | 8,572 | 11,312 | p=8.4x10-36 | European (IGAP 2013: ADGC Subset) |
Lambert et al., 2013b | |
GWAS | T | 0.50 | 2,741 | 14,739 | OR=1.61 [CI=1.46-1.77] p=2x10-21 |
Caucasian | Nazarian et al., 2019c |
GWAS | T | 8,309 | 7,366 | p=3.0x10-44 | (ADGC 2011: Stage 1) | Naj et al., 2011b | |
GWAS | G | 0.48 | 5,705 | 7,067 | OR=0.68 [CI=0.65-0.72] p=3x10-38 |
European | Wang et al., 2021 |
Meta-analysis | T | 6,614 | 6,363 (16 studies) |
OR=1.21 [CI=1.07-1.38] p=0.71 (power>0.9999) |
Mixed | Xin et al., 2010 | |
Meta-analysis | TT | 6,614 | 6,363 (16 studies) |
OR=1.30 [CI=1.10-1.55] p=0.23 (power>0.9951) |
Mixed | Xin et al., 2010 | |
GWAS | G | 0.52 | 0.48 | 3,941 | 7,848 | OR=0.70 [CI=0.66-0.74] p=4.9×10−37 |
European and American | Harold et al., 2009 |
GWAS | G | 0.46 | 4,230 | 3,109 | pd=2.13x10-11 | Non-Hispanic White (ADSP) | Lee et al., 2023 |
Meta-analysis | G | 3,471 | 3,677 (15 studies) |
OR=0.79 [CI=0.71-0.87] p=2.2x10-6 |
Mixed | Bertram et al., 2007 | |
Meta-analysis | T | 2,951 | 3,069 (10 studies) |
OR=0.95 [CI=0.74-1.22] p=0.67 |
Mixed | Xiao et al., 2017 | |
Meta-analysis | TT | 2,951 | 3,069 (10 studies) |
OR=0.89 [CI=0.61-1.31] p=0.56 |
Mixed | Xiao et al., 2017 | |
GWAS | T | 1,968 | 3,928 | p=6.1x10-12 | African American (ADGC 2013) |
Reitz et al., 2013b | |
GWAS | 2,174 | 2,181 | OR=0.61 [CI=0.54-0.70] p=8.13x10-14 |
American (NCRAD, HIHG, CHGR) |
Naj et al., 2010 | ||
Targeted Meta-analysis |
T | 0.29 | 0.21 | 1,732 | 1,926 (6 studies) |
OR=1.6 [CI=1.3-1.8] p<=1 x10-4 |
White | Lambert et al., 2002 |
Targeted | TT | 1,398 | 1,082 |
OR=1.30 [CI=1.06-1.60] p=0.012 |
Italian | Lescai et al., 2011 | |
Targeted | T | 0.55 | 0.45 | 573 | 509 | OR=2.13 [CI=1.61-2.83] p<1x10-4 |
French | Lambert et al., 1998 |
a24,087 LOAD cases; 47,793 offspring of parents with AD
bData from the National Institute on Aging Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease Data Storage Site (NIAGADS) rs405509, June 2022
cData from GWAS Catalog rs405509, May 2022
dAssociation not found after APOE4 adjustment (p cut-off=5x10-8)
OR=odds ratio, GWAS=genome-wide association study. Statistically significant associations (as assessed by the authors) are in bold. For data retrieved from NIAGADS, p-values <5x10-8 are in bold. All data retrieved from the GWAS catalog (p-values <1x10-5) are in bold.
For Caucasian and mixed ancestry cohorts, all genome-wide association studies in this table included >2,000 cases, and all targeted association studies included >500 cases (subgroups within a study may be smaller).
Table 2: AD association taking APOE4 into account
Study Type | Risk Allele(s) | Allele Freq. AD | CTRL |
N Cases | CTRL |
Association Results | Ancestry (Cohort) |
Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GWAS Meta-analysis | T | 10,352 | 9,207 |
p=2.51x10-7 (APOE-Stratified Analysis: APOE4 Carriers) |
(IGAP) | Jun et al., 2016a | |
Targeted | TT | 0.903 | 0.549b | 9,770 (total) |
OR=27.02 [CI=19.81-37.18] p=8.80×10−94 |
East Asian (APOE4/E4 carriers) |
Choi et al., 2019 |
Targeted | GT | 0.097 | 0.380b | 7,941 (total) |
OR=15.87 [CI=6.32-39.49] p=2.62×10−9 |
East Asian (APOE4/E4 carriers) |
Choi et al., 2019 |
Targeted | GT | 0.355 | 0.259b | 7,510 (total) |
OR=12.63 [CI=9.41-16.94] p=3.44×10−64 |
European (APOE4/E4 carriers) |
Choi et al., 2019 |
Targeted | TT | 0.605 | 0.280b | 4,713 (total) |
OR=18.13 [CI=14.02-23.44] p=2.69×10−108 |
European (APOE4/E4 carriers) |
Choi et al., 2019 |
Targeted Meta-analysis |
TT | 0.29 | 0.21 | 1,732 | 1,926 (6 studies, subgroup N N/A) |
OR=1.6 [CI=1.0-2.3] p=0.03 |
White (APOE4 non-carriers, > 80 years) |
Lambert et al., 2002 |
Targeted Meta-analysis |
TT | 0.29 | 0.21 | 1,732 | 1,926 (6 studies, subgroup N N/A) |
OR=1.9 [CI=1.2-3.2] p=0.01 |
White (APOE4 carriers, > 80 years) |
Lambert et al., 2002 |
Targeted Meta-analysis |
TT | 0.29 | 0.21 | 1,732 | 1,926 (6 studies, subgroup N N/A) |
OR=1.1 [CI=0.8-1.5] p=0.44 |
White (APOE4 non-carriers, < 81 years) |
Lambert et al., 2002 |
Targeted Meta-analysis |
TT | 0.29 | 0.21 | 1,732 | 1,926 (6 studies, subgroup N N/A) |
OR=1.1 [CI=0.8-1.4] p=0.69 |
White (APOE4 carriers, < 81 years) |
Lambert et al., 2002 |
Targeted | T | 1,398 | 1,082 |
Logistical regression p=0.58 | Italian (APOE4 carriers) |
Lescai et al., 2011 | |
Targeted | T | 0.15 | 0.54 | 1,398 | 1,082 (subgroup N N/A) |
OR=4.08 [CI=1.83-9.12] p=4.35x10-8 |
Italian (APOE4-phased haplotype, >75 years) |
Lescai et al., 2011 |
Targeted | G | 0.046 | 0.027 | 1,398 | 1,082 (subgroup N N/A) |
OR=2.27 [CI=0.76-6.83] p=0.012 |
Italian (APOE4-phased haplotype, >75 years) |
Lescai et al., 2011 |
Targeted | T | 0.337 | 0.379 | 1,398 | 1,082 (subgroup N N/A) |
OR=1.20 [CI=0.65-2.24] p=0.12 |
Italian (APOE3-phased haplotype, >75 years) |
Lescai et al., 2011 |
Targeted | T | 0.55 | 0.45 | 573 | 509 | OR=1.56 [CI=1.15-2.11] p=4x10-3 |
French (adjusted for APOE4) |
Lambert et al. 1998b |
aData from the National Institute on Aging Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease Data Storage Site (NIAGADS) rs405509, June 2022
bAllele frequency in APOE4/APOE4 | Total allele frequency
OR=odds ratio, GWAS=genome-wide association study. Statistically significant associations (as assessed by the authors) are in bold. For data retrieved from NIAGADS, p-values <5x10-8 are in bold.
All genome-wide association studies in this table included >2,000 cases, and all targeted association studies included >500 cases (subgroups within a study may be smaller).
This table is meant to convey the range of results reported in the literature. As specific analyses, including co-variates, differ among studies, this information is not intended to be used for quantitative comparisons, and readers are encouraged to refer to the original papers. Thresholds for statistical significance were defined by the authors of each study. (Significant results are in bold.) Note that data from some cohorts may have contributed to multiple studies, so each row does not necessarily represent an independent dataset. While every effort was made to be accurate, readers should confirm any values that are critical for their applications.
Last Updated: 14 Jan 2024
References
Mutations Citations
Paper Citations
- Lambert JC, Pasquier F, Cottel D, Frigard B, Amouyel P, Chartier-Harlin MC. A new polymorphism in the APOE promoter associated with risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 1998 Mar;7(3):533-40. PubMed.
- Lambert JC, Berr C, Pasquier F, Delacourte A, Frigard B, Cottel D, Pérez-Tur J, Mouroux V, Mohr M, Cécyre D, Galasko D, Lendon C, Poirier J, Hardy J, Mann D, Amouyel P, Chartier-Harlin MC. Pronounced impact of Th1/E47cs mutation compared with -491 AT mutation on neural APOE gene expression and risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 1998 Sep;7(9):1511-6. PubMed.
- Rebeck GW, Cheung BS, Growdon WB, Deng A, Akuthota P, Locascio J, Greenberg SM, Hyman BT. Lack of independent associations of apolipoprotein E promoter and intron 1 polymorphisms with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett. 1999 Sep 17;272(3):155-8. PubMed.
- Zurutuza L, Verpillat P, Raux G, Hannequin D, Puel M, Belliard S, Michon A, Pothin Y, Camuzat A, Penet C, Martin C, Brice A, Campion D, Clerget-Darpoux F, Frebourg T. APOE promoter polymorphisms do not confer independent risk for Alzheimer's disease in a French population. Eur J Hum Genet. 2000 Sep;8(9):713-6. PubMed.
- Belbin O, Dunn JL, Ling Y, Morgan L, Chappell S, Beaumont H, Warden D, Smith DA, Kalsheker N, Morgan K. Regulatory region single nucleotide polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E gene and the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Sep 15;16(18):2199-208. Epub 2007 Jul 5 PubMed.
- Nazarian A, Yashin AI, Kulminski AM. Genome-wide analysis of genetic predisposition to Alzheimer's disease and related sex disparities. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019 Jan 12;11(1):5. PubMed.
- Rasmussen KL, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG, Frikke-Schmidt R. APOE and dementia - resequencing and genotyping in 105,597 individuals. Alzheimers Dement. 2020 Dec;16(12):1624-1637. Epub 2020 Aug 18 PubMed.
- Lescai F, Chiamenti AM, Codemo A, Pirazzini C, D'Agostino G, Ruaro C, Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Galimberti D, Esposito F, Marchegiani F, Cardelli M, Olivieri F, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Tagliavini F, Albani D, Martinelli Boneschi F, Binetti G, Santoro A, Forloni G, Scarpini E, Crepaldi G, Gabelli C, Franceschi C. An APOE haplotype associated with decreased ε4 expression increases the risk of late onset Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;24(2):235-45. PubMed.
- Choi KY, Lee JJ, Gunasekaran TI, Kang S, Lee W, Jeong J, Lim HJ, Zhang X, Zhu C, Won SY, Choi YY, Seo EH, Lee SC, Gim J, Chung JY, Chong A, Byun MS, Seo S, Ko PW, Han JW, McLean C, Farrell J, Lunetta KL, Miyashita A, Hara N, Won S, Choi SM, Ha JM, Jeong JH, Kuwano R, Song MK, An SS, Lee YM, Park KW, Lee HW, Choi SH, Rhee S, Song WK, Lee JS, Mayeux R, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Choo IL, Nho K, Kim KW, Lee DY, Kim S, Kim BC, Kim H, Jun GR, Schellenberg GD, Ikeuchi T, Farrer LA, Lee KH, Neuroimaging Initative AD. APOE Promoter Polymorphism-219T/G is an Effect Modifier of the Influence of APOE ε4 on Alzheimer's Disease Risk in a Multiracial Sample. J Clin Med. 2019 Aug 16;8(8) PubMed.
- Lambert JC, Coyle N, Lendon C. The allelic modulation of apolipoprotein E expression by oestrogen: potential relevance for Alzheimer's disease. J Med Genet. 2004 Feb;41(2):104-12. PubMed.
- Lambert JC, Araria-Goumidi L, Myllykangas L, Ellis C, Wang JC, Bullido MJ, Harris JM, Artiga MJ, Hernandez D, Kwon JM, Frigard B, Petersen RC, Cumming AM, Pasquier F, Sastre I, Tienari PJ, Frank A, Sulkava R, Morris JC, St Clair D, Mann DM, Wavrant-DeVrièze F, Ezquerra-Trabalon M, Amouyel P, Hardy J, Haltia M, Valdivieso F, Goate AM, Pérez-Tur J, Lendon CL, Chartier-Harlin MC. Contribution of APOE promoter polymorphisms to Alzheimer's disease risk. Neurology. 2002 Jul 9;59(1):59-66. PubMed.
- Beyer K, Lao JI, Gómez M, Riutort N, Latorre P, Mate JL, Ariza A. The Th1/E47cs-G apolipoprotein E (APOE) promoter allele is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease of very later onset. Neurosci Lett. 2002 Jul 5;326(3):187-90. PubMed.
- Beyer K, Lao JI, Latorre P, Ariza A. Age at onset: an essential variable for the definition of genetic risk factors for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Dec;1057:260-78. PubMed.
- Nicodemus KK, Stenger JE, Schmechel DE, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Saunders AM, Roses AD, Gilbert JR, Vance JM, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Martin ER. Comprehensive association analysis of APOE regulatory region polymorphisms in Alzheimer disease. Neurogenetics. 2004 Dec;5(4):201-8. Epub 2004 Sep 29 PubMed.
- Meng X, Li J, Zhang Q, Chen F, Bian C, Yao X, Yan J, Xu Z, Risacher SL, Saykin AJ, Liang H, Shen L, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Multivariate genome wide association and network analysis of subcortical imaging phenotypes in Alzheimer's disease. BMC Genomics. 2020 Dec 29;21(Suppl 11):896. PubMed.
- Seo J, Byun MS, Yi D, Lee JH, Jeon SY, Shin SA, Kim YK, Kang KM, Sohn CH, Jung G, Park JC, Han SH, Byun J, Mook-Jung I, Lee DY, Choi M, KBASE Research Group. Genetic associations of in vivo pathology influence Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020 Nov 19;12(1):156. PubMed.
- Lambert JC, Mann D, Richard F, Tian J, Shi J, Thaker U, Merrot S, Harris J, Frigard B, Iwatsubo T, Lendon C, Amouyel P. Is there a relation between APOE expression and brain amyloid load in Alzheimer's disease?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;76(7):928-33. PubMed.
- Kauwe JS, Wang J, Mayo K, Morris JC, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Goate AM. Alzheimer's disease risk variants show association with cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta. Neurogenetics. 2009 Feb;10(1):13-7. Epub 2008 Sep 24 PubMed.
- Ma C, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang J, Chen K, Liang Y, Chen Y, Liu Z, Zhang Z. Is there a significant interaction effect between apolipoprotein E rs405509 T/T and ε4 genotypes on cognitive impairment and gray matter volume?. Eur J Neurol. 2016 Sep;23(9):1415-25. Epub 2016 Jun 4 PubMed.
- Ma C, Zhang Y, Li X, Chen Y, Zhang J, Liu Z, Chen K, Zhang Z. The TT allele of rs405509 synergizes with APOE ε4 in the impairment of cognition and its underlying default mode network in non-demented elderly. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2016;13(6):708-17. PubMed.
- Zhang Q, Wu L, Du C, Xu K, Sun J, Zhang J, Li H, Li X. Effects of an APOE Promoter Polymorphism on Fronto-Parietal Functional Connectivity During Nondemented Aging. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12:183. Epub 2020 Jun 30 PubMed.
- Shu N, Li X, Ma C, Zhang J, Chen K, Liang Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Effects of APOE promoter polymorphism on the topological organization of brain structural connectome in nondemented elderly. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015 Dec;36(12):4847-58. Epub 2015 Aug 28 PubMed.
- Chang P, Li X, Ma C, Zhang S, Liu Z, Chen K, Ai L, Chang J, Zhang Z. The Effects of an APOE Promoter Polymorphism on Human White Matter Connectivity during Non-Demented Aging. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;55(1):77-87. PubMed.
- Chen Y, Li P, Gu B, Liu Z, Li X, Evans AC, Gong G, Zhang Z. The effects of an APOE promoter polymorphism on human cortical morphology during nondemented aging. J Neurosci. 2015 Jan 28;35(4):1423-31. PubMed.
- Rantalainen V, Lahti J, Henriksson M, Kajantie E, Tienari P, Eriksson JG, Raikkonen K. APOE and aging-related cognitive change in a longitudinal cohort of men. Neurobiol Aging. 2016 Aug;44:151-158. Epub 2016 May 10 PubMed.
- Aslam MM, Fan KH, Lawrence E, Bedison MA, Snitz BE, DeKosky ST, Lopez OL, Feingold E, Kamboh MI. Genome-wide analysis identifies novel loci influencing plasma apolipoprotein E concentration and Alzheimer's disease risk. Mol Psychiatry. 2023 Oct;28(10):4451-4462. Epub 2023 Sep 5 PubMed.
- Prada D, Colicino E, Power MC, Cox DG, Weisskopf MG, Hou L, Spiro Iii A, Vokonas P, Zhong J, Sanchez-Guerra M, Herrera LA, Schwartz J, Baccarelli AA. Influence of multiple APOE genetic variants on cognitive function in a cohort of older men - results from the Normative Aging Study. BMC Psychiatry. 2014 Aug 1;14:223. PubMed.
- Ye Z, Tan D, Luo T, Gou R, Cai J, Wei Y, He K, Xiao S, Mai T, Tang X, Liu Q, Mo X, Lin Y, Huang S, Li Y, Qin J, Zhang Z. ApoE gene polymorphisms and metals and their interactions with cognitive function. BMC Med Genomics. 2023 Aug 29;16(1):206. PubMed.
- Lee JJ, Wedow R, Okbay A, Kong E, Maghzian O, Zacher M, Nguyen-Viet TA, Bowers P, Sidorenko J, Karlsson Linnér R, Fontana MA, Kundu T, Lee C, Li H, Li R, Royer R, Timshel PN, Walters RK, Willoughby EA, Yengo L, 23andMe Research Team, COGENT (Cognitive Genomics Consortium), Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Alver M, Bao Y, Clark DW, Day FR, Furlotte NA, Joshi PK, Kemper KE, Kleinman A, Langenberg C, Mägi R, Trampush JW, Verma SS, Wu Y, Lam M, Zhao JH, Zheng Z, Boardman JD, Campbell H, Freese J, Harris KM, Hayward C, Herd P, Kumari M, Lencz T, Luan J, Malhotra AK, Metspalu A, Milani L, Ong KK, Perry JR, Porteous DJ, Ritchie MD, Smart MC, Smith BH, Tung JY, Wareham NJ, Wilson JF, Beauchamp JP, Conley DC, Esko T, Lehrer SF, Magnusson PK, Oskarsson S, Pers TH, Robinson MR, Thom K, Watson C, Chabris CF, Meyer MN, Laibson DI, Yang J, Johannesson M, Koellinger PD, Turley P, Visscher PM, Benjamin DJ, Cesarini D. Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals. Nat Genet. 2018 Jul 23;50(8):1112-1121. PubMed.
- Huang M, Wang Y, Wang L, Chen B, Wang X, Hu Y. APOE rs405509 polymorphism and Parkinson's disease risk in the Chinese population. Neurosci Lett. 2020 Sep 25;736:135256. Epub 2020 Jul 16 PubMed.
- Tovilla-Zarate C, Medellin BC, Fresan A, Apiquian R, Dassori A, Rolando M, Escamilla M, Nicolini H. APOE-epsilon3 and APOE-219G haplotypes increase the risk for schizophrenia in sibling pairs. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;21(4):440-4. PubMed.
- Panenka WJ, Gardner AJ, Dretsch MN, Crynen GC, Crawford FC, Iverson GL. Systematic Review of Genetic Risk Factors for Sustaining a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2017 Jul 1;34(13):2093-2099. Epub 2017 Feb 27 PubMed.
- Reuter-Rice K, Regier M, Bennett E, Laskowitz D. The Effect of the Relationship of APOE Polymorphisms and Cerebral Vasospasm on Functional Outcomes in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury. Biol Res Nurs. 2018 Oct;20(5):566-576. Epub 2018 Jul 11 PubMed.
- Abrahams S, Mc Fie S, Patricios J, Suter J, Posthumus M, September AV. An association between polymorphisms within the APOE gene and concussion aetiology in rugby union players. J Sci Med Sport. 2018 Feb;21(2):117-122. Epub 2017 Jun 8 PubMed.
- Abboud S, Viiri LE, Lütjohann D, Goebeler S, Luoto T, Friedrichs S, Desfontaines P, Gazagnes MD, Laloux P, Peeters A, Seeldrayers P, Lehtimaki T, Karhunen P, Pandolfo M, Laaksonen R. Associations of apolipoprotein E gene with ischemic stroke and intracranial atherosclerosis. Eur J Hum Genet. 2008 Aug;16(8):955-60. Epub 2008 Feb 27 PubMed.
- Kaushal R, Woo D, Pal P, Haverbusch M, Xi H, Moomaw C, Sekar P, Kissela B, Kleindorfer D, Flaherty M, Sauerbeck L, Chakraborty R, Broderick J, Deka R. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: tests of association with apolipoprotein E and elastin genes. BMC Med Genet. 2007 Jul 31;8:49. PubMed.
- Fritsche LG, Freitag-Wolf S, Bettecken T, Meitinger T, Keilhauer CN, Krawczak M, Weber BH. Age-related macular degeneration and functional promoter and coding variants of the apolipoprotein E gene. Hum Mutat. 2009 Jul;30(7):1048-53. PubMed.
- McKay GJ, Patterson CC, Chakravarthy U, Dasari S, Klaver CC, Vingerling JR, Ho L, de Jong PT, Fletcher AE, Young IS, Seland JH, Rahu M, Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Vioque J, Hingorani AD, Sofat R, Dean M, Sawitzke J, Seddon JM, Peter I, Webster AR, Moore AT, Yates JR, Cipriani V, Fritsche LG, Weber BH, Keilhauer CN, Lotery AJ, Ennis S, Klein ML, Francis PJ, Stambolian D, Orlin A, Gorin MB, Weeks DE, Kuo CL, Swaroop A, Othman M, Kanda A, Chen W, Abecasis GR, Wright AF, Hayward C, Baird PN, Guymer RH, Attia J, Thakkinstian A, Silvestri G. Evidence of association of APOE with age-related macular degeneration: a pooled analysis of 15 studies. Hum Mutat. 2011 Dec;32(12):1407-16. Epub 2011 Sep 12 PubMed.
- Lam CY, Fan BJ, Wang DY, Tam PO, Yung Tham CC, Leung DY, Ping Fan DS, Chiu Lam DS, Pang CP. Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms with normal tension glaucoma in a Chinese population. J Glaucoma. 2006 Jun;15(3):218-22. PubMed.
- Saglar E, Bozkurt B, Irkec M. Association of apolipoprotein E-219T>G promoter polymorphism with primary open angle glaucoma in Turkish population. Int J Ophthalmol. 2014;7(3):426-30. Epub 2014 Jun 18 PubMed.
- Guo H, Li M, Wang Z, Liu Q, Wu X. Association of MYOC and APOE promoter polymorphisms and primary open-angle glaucoma: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(2):2052-64. Epub 2015 Feb 15 PubMed.
- Kalra M, Pal P, Kaushal R, Amin RS, Dolan LM, Fitz K, Kumar S, Sheng X, Guha S, Mallik J, Deka R, Chakraborty R. Association of ApoE genetic variants with obstructive sleep apnea in children. Sleep Med. 2008 Mar;9(3):260-5. Epub 2007 Jul 19 PubMed.
- Kripke DF, Shadan FF, Dawson A, Cronin JW, Jamil SM, Grizas AP, Koziol JA, Kline LE. Genotyping sleep disorders patients. Psychiatry Investig. 2010 Mar;7(1):36-42. Epub 2010 Feb 22 PubMed.
- Lambert JC, Brousseau T, Defosse V, Evans A, Arveiler D, Ruidavets JB, Haas B, Cambou JP, Luc G, Ducimetière P, Cambien F, Chartier-Harlin MC, Amouyel P. Independent association of an APOE gene promoter polymorphism with increased risk of myocardial infarction and decreased APOE plasma concentrations-the ECTIM study. Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Jan 1;9(1):57-61. PubMed.
- Ye S, Dunleavey L, Bannister W, Day LB, Tapper W, Collins AR, Day IN, Simpson I, Southampton Atherosclerosis Study. Independent effects of the -219 G>T and epsilon 2/ epsilon 3/ epsilon 4 polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E gene on coronary artery disease: the Southampton Atherosclerosis Study. Eur J Hum Genet. 2003 Jun;11(6):437-43. PubMed.
- Viitanen L, Pihlajamäki J, Miettinen R, Kärkkäinen P, Vauhkonen I, Halonen P, Kareinen A, Lehto S, Laakso M. Apolipoprotein E gene promoter (-219G/T) polymorphism is associated with premature coronary heart disease. J Mol Med (Berl). 2001 Dec;79(12):732-7. Epub 2001 Jul 25 PubMed.
- Fredriksson J, Anevski D, Almgren P, Sjögren M, Lyssenko V, Carlson J, Isomaa B, Taskinen MR, Groop L, Orho-Melander M, Botnia Study Group. Variation in GYS1 interacts with exercise and gender to predict cardiovascular mortality. PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14;2(3):e285. PubMed.
- Heijmans BT, Slagboom PE, Gussekloo J, Droog S, Lagaay AM, Kluft C, Knook DL, Westendorp RG. Association of APOE epsilon2/epsilon3/epsilon4 and promoter gene variants with dementia but not cardiovascular mortality in old age. Am J Med Genet. 2002 Jan 22;107(3):201-8. PubMed.
- Zhang X, Zhao H, Zhang J, Han D, Zheng Y, Guo X, He D, Guo J, Wang Y. Gene environment interaction of GALNT2 and APOE gene with hypertension in the Chinese Han Population. Biomed Mater Eng. 2015;26 Suppl 1:S1977-83. PubMed.
- Moreno JA, López-Miranda J, Marín C, Gómez P, Pérez-Martínez P, Fuentes F, Fernández de la Puebla RA, Paniagua JA, Ordovas JM, Pérez-Jiménez F. The influence of the apolipoprotein E gene promoter (-219G/ T) polymorphism on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in young normolipemic males. J Lipid Res. 2003 Nov;44(11):2059-64. Epub 2003 Aug 16 PubMed.
- Klos KL, Sing CF, Boerwinkle E, Hamon SC, Rea TJ, Clark A, Fornage M, Hixson JE. Consistent effects of genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels in CARDIA participants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Aug;26(8):1828-36. Epub 2006 Jun 8 PubMed.
- Pare G, Serre D, Brisson D, Anand SS, Montpetit A, Tremblay G, Engert JC, Hudson TJ, Gaudet D. Genetic analysis of 103 candidate genes for coronary artery disease and associated phenotypes in a founder population reveals a new association between endothelin-1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Hum Genet. 2007 Apr;80(4):673-82. Epub 2007 Feb 21 PubMed.
- Ken-Dror G, Talmud PJ, Humphries SE, Drenos F. APOE/C1/C4/C2 gene cluster genotypes, haplotypes and lipid levels in prospective coronary heart disease risk among UK healthy men. Mol Med. 2010 Sep-Oct;16(9-10):389-99. Epub 2010 May 20 PubMed.
- Rudkowska I, Dewailly E, Hegele RA, Boiteau V, Dubé-Linteau A, Abdous B, Giguere Y, Chateau-Degat ML, Vohl MC. Gene-diet interactions on plasma lipid levels in the Inuit population. Br J Nutr. 2013 Mar 14;109(5):953-61. Epub 2012 Jul 5 PubMed.
- Radwan ZH, Wang X, Waqar F, Pirim D, Niemsiri V, Hokanson JE, Hamman RF, Bunker CH, Barmada MM, Demirci FY, Kamboh MI. Comprehensive evaluation of the association of APOE genetic variation with plasma lipoprotein traits in U.S. whites and African blacks. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114618. Epub 2014 Dec 12 PubMed.
- Pirim D, Radwan ZH, Wang X, Niemsiri V, Hokanson JE, Hamman RF, Feingold E, Bunker CH, Demirci FY, Kamboh MI. Apolipoprotein E-C1-C4-C2 gene cluster region and inter-individual variation in plasma lipoprotein levels: a comprehensive genetic association study in two ethnic groups. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0214060. Epub 2019 Mar 26 PubMed.
- Gallois A, Mefford J, Ko A, Vaysse A, Julienne H, Ala-Korpela M, Laakso M, Zaitlen N, Pajukanta P, Aschard H. A comprehensive study of metabolite genetics reveals strong pleiotropy and heterogeneity across time and context. Nat Commun. 2019 Oct 21;10(1):4788. PubMed.
- Harshfield EL, Fauman EB, Stacey D, Paul DS, Ziemek D, Ong RM, Danesh J, Butterworth AS, Rasheed A, Sattar T, Zameer-Ul-Asar, Saleem I, Hina Z, Ishtiaq U, Qamar N, Mallick NH, Yaqub Z, Saghir T, Rizvi SN, Memon A, Ishaq M, Rasheed SZ, Memon FU, Jalal A, Abbas S, Frossard P, Saleheen D, Wood AM, Griffin JL, Koulman A. Genome-wide analysis of blood lipid metabolites in over 5000 South Asians reveals biological insights at cardiometabolic disease loci. BMC Med. 2021 Sep 10;19(1):232. PubMed.
- Moreno JA, Pérez-Jiménez F, Marín C, Gómez P, Pérez-Martínez P, Moreno R, Bellido C, Fuentes F, López-Miranda J. Apolipoprotein E gene promoter -219G->T polymorphism increases LDL-cholesterol concentrations and susceptibility to oxidation in response to a diet rich in saturated fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Nov;80(5):1404-9. PubMed.
- Clark D, Skrobot OA, Adebiyi I, Susce MT, de Leon J, Blakemore AF, Arranz MJ. Apolipoprotein-E gene variants associated with cardiovascular risk factors in antipsychotic recipients. Eur Psychiatry. 2009 Oct;24(7):456-63. Epub 2009 Jun 21 PubMed.
- Komurcu-Bayrak E, Onat A, Yuzbasiogullari B, Mononen N, Laaksonen R, Kähönen M, Hergenc G, Lehtimäki T, Erginel-Unaltuna N. The APOE -219G/T and +113G/C polymorphisms affect insulin resistance among Turks. Metabolism. 2011 May;60(5):655-63. Epub 2010 Aug 17 PubMed.
- Geng H, Law PP, Ng MC, Li T, Liang LY, Ge TF, Wong KB, Liang C, Ma RC, So WY, Chan JC, Ho YY. APOE genotype-function relationship: evidence of -491 A/T promoter polymorphism modifying transcription control but not type 2 diabetes risk. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e24669. Epub 2011 Oct 18 PubMed.
- Lv C, Bai Z, Liu Z, Luo P, Zhang J. Renal cell carcinoma risk is associated with the interactions of APOE, VHL and MTHFR gene polymorphisms. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(5):5781-6. Epub 2015 May 1 PubMed.
- Yoshida T, Kato K, Fujimaki T, Yokoi K, Oguri M, Watanabe S, Metoki N, Yoshida H, Satoh K, Aoyagi Y, Nishigaki Y, Tanaka M, Nozawa Y, Kimura G, Yamada Y. Association of genetic variants with chronic kidney disease in Japanese individuals. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 May;4(5):883-90. Epub 2009 Apr 30 PubMed.
- Tolonen S, Mikkilä V, Laaksonen M, Sievänen H, Mononen N, Hernesniemi J, Vehkalahti K, Viikari J, Raitakari O, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T. Association of apolipoprotein E promoter polymorphisms with bone structural traits is modified by dietary saturated fat intake - the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. Bone. 2011 May 1;48(5):1058-65. Epub 2011 Jan 23 PubMed.
- Lu F, Guan H, Gong B, Liu X, Zhu R, Wang Y, Qian J, Zhou T, Lan X, Wang P, Lin Y, Ma S, Lin H, Zhu X, Chen R, Zhu X, Shi Y, Yang Z. Genetic variants in PVRL2-TOMM40-APOE region are associated with human longevity in a Han Chinese population. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99580. Epub 2014 Jun 12 PubMed.
- Ryu S, Atzmon G, Barzilai N, Raghavachari N, Suh Y. Genetic landscape of APOE in human longevity revealed by high-throughput sequencing. Mech Ageing Dev. 2016 Apr;155:7-9. Epub 2016 Feb 27 PubMed.
- Artiga MJ, Bullido MJ, Sastre I, Recuero M, García MA, Aldudo J, Vázquez J, Valdivieso F. Allelic polymorphisms in the transcriptional regulatory region of apolipoprotein E gene. FEBS Lett. 1998 Jan 9;421(2):105-8. PubMed.
- Campillos M, Lamas JR, García MA, Bullido MJ, Valdivieso F, Vázquez J. Specific interaction of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 with the -219T allelic form modulates APOE promoter activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Jun 15;31(12):3063-70. PubMed.
- Ramos MC, Matías S, Artiga MJ, Pozueta J, Sastre I, Valdivieso F, Bullido MJ. Neuronal specific regulatory elements in apolipoprotein E gene proximal promoter. Neuroreport. 2005 Jun 21;16(9):1027-30. PubMed.
- Maloney B, Ge YW, Petersen RC, Hardy J, Rogers JT, Pérez-Tur J, Lahiri DK. Functional characterization of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms present in the human APOE promoter sequence: Differential effects in neuronal cells and on DNA-protein interactions. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010 Jan 5;153B(1):185-201. PubMed.
- Tycko B, Lee JH, Ciappa A, Saxena A, Li CM, Feng L, Arriaga A, Stern Y, Lantigua R, Shachter N, Mayeux R. APOE and APOC1 promoter polymorphisms and the risk of Alzheimer disease in African American and Caribbean Hispanic individuals. Arch Neurol. 2004 Sep;61(9):1434-9. PubMed.
- Vance JM, Farrer LA, Huang Y, Cruchaga C, Hyman BT, Pericak-Vance MA, Goate AM, Greicius MD, Griswold AJ, Haines JL, Tcw J, Schellenberg GD, Tsai LH, Herz J, Holtzman DM. Report of the APOE4 National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer Disease Sequencing Project Consortium Working Group: Reducing APOE4 in Carriers is a Therapeutic Goal for Alzheimer's Disease. Ann Neurol. 2024 Apr;95(4):625-634. Epub 2024 Jan 5 PubMed.
- Maloney B, Ge YW, Alley GM, Lahiri DK. Important differences between human and mouse APOE gene promoters: limitation of mouse APOE model in studying Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem. 2007 Nov;103(3):1237-57. PubMed.
- Ma Y, Smith CE, Lai CQ, Irvin MR, Parnell LD, Lee YC, Pham L, Aslibekyan S, Claas SA, Tsai MY, Borecki IB, Kabagambe EK, Berciano S, Ordovás JM, Absher DM, Arnett DK. Genetic variants modify the effect of age on APOE methylation in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network study. Aging Cell. 2015 Feb;14(1):49-59. Epub 2014 Dec 4 PubMed.
- Watts JA, Grunseich C, Rodriguez Y, Liu Y, Li D, Burdick JT, Bruzel A, Crouch RJ, Mahley RW, Wilson SH, Cheung VG. A common transcriptional mechanism involving R-loop and RNA abasic site regulates an enhancer RNA of APOE. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022 Nov 28;50(21):12497-12514. PubMed.
- Zhang Y, Sloan SA, Clarke LE, Caneda C, Plaza CA, Blumenthal PD, Vogel H, Steinberg GK, Edwards MS, Li G, Duncan JA 3rd, Cheshier SH, Shuer LM, Chang EF, Grant GA, Gephart MG, Barres BA. Purification and Characterization of Progenitor and Mature Human Astrocytes Reveals Transcriptional and Functional Differences with Mouse. Neuron. 2016 Jan 6;89(1):37-53. Epub 2015 Dec 10 PubMed.
- Jansen IE, Savage JE, Watanabe K, Bryois J, Williams DM, Steinberg S, Sealock J, Karlsson IK, Hägg S, Athanasiu L, Voyle N, Proitsi P, Witoelar A, Stringer S, Aarsland D, Almdahl IS, Andersen F, Bergh S, Bettella F, Bjornsson S, Brækhus A, Bråthen G, de Leeuw C, Desikan RS, Djurovic S, Dumitrescu L, Fladby T, Hohman TJ, Jonsson PV, Kiddle SJ, Rongve A, Saltvedt I, Sando SB, Selbæk G, Shoai M, Skene NG, Snaedal J, Stordal E, Ulstein ID, Wang Y, White LR, Hardy J, Hjerling-Leffler J, Sullivan PF, van der Flier WM, Dobson R, Davis LK, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Pedersen NL, Ripke S, Andreassen OA, Posthuma D. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new loci and functional pathways influencing Alzheimer's disease risk. Nat Genet. 2019 Mar;51(3):404-413. Epub 2019 Jan 7 PubMed.
- Kunkle BW, Grenier-Boley B, Sims R, Bis JC, Damotte V, Naj AC, Boland A, Vronskaya M, van der Lee SJ, Amlie-Wolf A, Bellenguez C, Frizatti A, Chouraki V, Martin ER, Sleegers K, Badarinarayan N, Jakobsdottir J, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Moreno-Grau S, Olaso R, Raybould R, Chen Y, Kuzma AB, Hiltunen M, Morgan T, Ahmad S, Vardarajan BN, Epelbaum J, Hoffmann P, Boada M, Beecham GW, Garnier JG, Harold D, Fitzpatrick AL, Valladares O, Moutet ML, Gerrish A, Smith AV, Qu L, Bacq D, Denning N, Jian X, Zhao Y, Del Zompo M, Fox NC, Choi SH, Mateo I, Hughes JT, Adams HH, Malamon J, Sanchez-Garcia F, Patel Y, Brody JA, Dombroski BA, Naranjo MC, Daniilidou M, Eiriksdottir G, Mukherjee S, Wallon D, Uphill J, Aspelund T, Cantwell LB, Garzia F, Galimberti D, Hofer E, Butkiewicz M, Fin B, Scarpini E, Sarnowski C, Bush WS, Meslage S, Kornhuber J, White CC, Song Y, Barber RC, Engelborghs S, Sordon S, Voijnovic D, Adams PM, Vandenberghe R, Mayhaus M, Cupples LA, Albert MS, De Deyn PP, Gu W, Himali JJ, Beekly D, Squassina A, Hartmann AM, Orellana A, Blacker D, Rodriguez-Rodriguez E, Lovestone S, Garcia ME, Doody RS, Munoz-Fernadez C, Sussams R, Lin H, Fairchild TJ, Benito YA, Holmes C, Karamujić-Čomić H, Frosch MP, Thonberg H, Maier W, Roshchupkin G, Ghetti B, Giedraitis V, Kawalia A, Li S, Huebinger RM, Kilander L, Moebus S, Hernández I, Kamboh MI, Brundin R, Turton J, Yang Q, Katz MJ, Concari L, Lord J, Beiser AS, Keene CD, Helisalmi S, Kloszewska I, Kukull WA, Koivisto AM, Lynch A, Tarraga L, Larson EB, Haapasalo A, Lawlor B, Mosley TH, Lipton RB, Solfrizzi V, Gill M, Longstreth WT Jr, Montine TJ, Frisardi V, Diez-Fairen M, Rivadeneira F, Petersen RC, Deramecourt V, Alvarez I, Salani F, Ciaramella A, Boerwinkle E, Reiman EM, Fievet N, Rotter JI, Reisch JS, Hanon O, Cupidi C, Andre Uitterlinden AG, Royall DR, Dufouil C, Maletta RG, de Rojas I, Sano M, Brice A, Cecchetti R, George-Hyslop PS, Ritchie K, Tsolaki M, Tsuang DW, Dubois B, Craig D, Wu CK, Soininen H, Avramidou D, Albin RL, Fratiglioni L, Germanou A, Apostolova LG, Keller L, Koutroumani M, Arnold SE, Panza F, Gkatzima O, Asthana S, Hannequin D, Whitehead P, Atwood CS, Caffarra P, Hampel H, Quintela I, Carracedo Á, Lannfelt L, Rubinsztein DC, Barnes LL, Pasquier F, Frölich L, Barral S, McGuinness B, Beach TG, Johnston JA, Becker JT, Passmore P, Bigio EH, Schott JM, Bird TD, Warren JD, Boeve BF, Lupton MK, Bowen JD, Proitsi P, Boxer A, Powell JF, Burke JR, Kauwe JS, Burns JM, Mancuso M, Buxbaum JD, Bonuccelli U, Cairns NJ, McQuillin A, Cao C, Livingston G, Carlson CS, Bass NJ, Carlsson CM, Hardy J, Carney RM, Bras J, Carrasquillo MM, Guerreiro R, Allen M, Chui HC, Fisher E, Masullo C, Crocco EA, DeCarli C, Bisceglio G, Dick M, Ma L, Duara R, Graff-Radford NR, Evans DA, Hodges A, Faber KM, Scherer M, Fallon KB, Riemenschneider M, Fardo DW, Heun R, Farlow MR, Kölsch H, Ferris S, Leber M, Foroud TM, Heuser I, Galasko DR, Giegling I, Gearing M, Hüll M, Geschwind DH, Gilbert JR, Morris J, Green RC, Mayo K, Growdon JH, Feulner T, Hamilton RL, Harrell LE, Drichel D, Honig LS, Cushion TD, Huentelman MJ, Hollingworth P, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Marshall R, Jarvik GP, Meggy A, Abner E, Menzies GE, Jin LW, Leonenko G, Real LM, Jun GR, Baldwin CT, Grozeva D, Karydas A, Russo G, Kaye JA, Kim R, Jessen F, Kowall NW, Vellas B, Kramer JH, Vardy E, LaFerla FM, Jöckel KH, Lah JJ, Dichgans M, Leverenz JB, Mann D, Levey AI, Pickering-Brown S, Lieberman AP, Klopp N, Lunetta KL, Wichmann HE, Lyketsos CG, Morgan K, Marson DC, Brown K, Martiniuk F, Medway C, Mash DC, Nöthen MM, Masliah E, Hooper NM, McCormick WC, Daniele A, McCurry SM, Bayer A, McDavid AN, Gallacher J, McKee AC, van den Bussche H, Mesulam M, Brayne C, Miller BL, Riedel-Heller S, Miller CA, Miller JW, Al-Chalabi A, Morris JC, Shaw CE, Myers AJ, Wiltfang J, O'Bryant S, Olichney JM, Alvarez V, Parisi JE, Singleton AB, Paulson HL, Collinge J, Perry WR, Mead S, Peskind E, Cribbs DH, Rossor M, Pierce A, Ryan NS, Poon WW, Nacmias B, Potter H, Sorbi S, Quinn JF, Sacchinelli E, Raj A, Spalletta G, Raskind M, Caltagirone C, Bossù P, Orfei MD, Reisberg B, Clarke R, Reitz C, Smith AD, Ringman JM, Warden D, Roberson ED, Wilcock G, Rogaeva E, Bruni AC, Rosen HJ, Gallo M, Rosenberg RN, Ben-Shlomo Y, Sager MA, Mecocci P, Saykin AJ, Pastor P, Cuccaro ML, Vance JM, Schneider JA, Schneider LS, Slifer S, Seeley WW, Smith AG, Sonnen JA, Spina S, Stern RA, Swerdlow RH, Tang M, Tanzi RE, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Van Deerlin VM, Van Eldik LJ, Vinters HV, Vonsattel JP, Weintraub S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Wilhelmsen KC, Williamson J, Wingo TS, Woltjer RL, Wright CB, Yu CE, Yu L, Saba Y, Pilotto A, Bullido MJ, Peters O, Crane PK, Bennett D, Bosco P, Coto E, Boccardi V, De Jager PL, Lleo A, Warner N, Lopez OL, Ingelsson M, Deloukas P, Cruchaga C, Graff C, Gwilliam R, Fornage M, Goate AM, Sanchez-Juan P, Kehoe PG, Amin N, Ertekin-Taner N, Berr C, Debette S, Love S, Launer LJ, Younkin SG, Dartigues JF, Corcoran C, Ikram MA, Dickson DW, Nicolas G, Campion D, Tschanz J, Schmidt H, Hakonarson H, Clarimon J, Munger R, Schmidt R, Farrer LA, Van Broeckhoven C, C O'Donovan M, DeStefano AL, Jones L, Haines JL, Deleuze JF, Owen MJ, Gudnason V, Mayeux R, Escott-Price V, Psaty BM, Ramirez A, Wang LS, Ruiz A, van Duijn CM, Holmans PA, Seshadri S, Williams J, Amouyel P, Schellenberg GD, Lambert JC, Pericak-Vance MA, Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC),, European Alzheimer’s Disease Initiative (EADI),, Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium (CHARGE),, Genetic and Environmental Risk in AD/Defining Genetic, Polygenic and Environmental Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease Consortium (GERAD/PERADES),. Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer's disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Aβ, tau, immunity and lipid processing. Nat Genet. 2019 Mar;51(3):414-430. Epub 2019 Feb 28 PubMed.
- Jun G, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Vronskaya M, Lambert JC, Chung J, Naj AC, Kunkle BW, Wang LS, Bis JC, Bellenguez C, Harold D, Lunetta KL, Destefano AL, Grenier-Boley B, Sims R, Beecham GW, Smith AV, Chouraki V, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Ikram MA, Fievet N, Denning N, Martin ER, Schmidt H, Kamatani Y, Dunstan ML, Valladares O, Laza AR, Zelenika D, Ramirez A, Foroud TM, Choi SH, Boland A, Becker T, Kukull WA, van der Lee SJ, Pasquier F, Cruchaga C, Beekly D, Fitzpatrick AL, Hanon O, Gill M, Barber R, Gudnason V, Campion D, Love S, Bennett DA, Amin N, Berr C, Tsolaki M, Buxbaum JD, Lopez OL, Deramecourt V, Fox NC, Cantwell LB, Tárraga L, Dufouil C, Hardy J, Crane PK, Eiriksdottir G, Hannequin D, Clarke R, Evans D, Mosley TH Jr, Letenneur L, Brayne C, Maier W, De Jager P, Emilsson V, Dartigues JF, Hampel H, Kamboh MI, de Bruijn RF, Tzourio C, Pastor P, Larson EB, Rotter JI, O'Donovan MC, Montine TJ, Nalls MA, Mead S, Reiman EM, Jonsson PV, Holmes C, St George-Hyslop PH, Boada M, Passmore P, Wendland JR, Schmidt R, Morgan K, Winslow AR, Powell JF, Carasquillo M, Younkin SG, Jakobsdóttir J, Kauwe JS, Wilhelmsen KC, Rujescu D, Nöthen MM, Hofman A, Jones L, IGAP Consortium, Haines JL, Psaty BM, Van Broeckhoven C, Holmans P, Launer LJ, Mayeux R, Lathrop M, Goate AM, Escott-Price V, Seshadri S, Pericak-Vance MA, Amouyel P, Williams J, van Duijn CM, Schellenberg GD, Farrer LA. A novel Alzheimer disease locus located near the gene encoding tau protein. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Mar 17; PubMed.
- Lambert JC, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Harold D, Naj AC, Sims R, Bellenguez C, DeStafano AL, Bis JC, Beecham GW, Grenier-Boley B, Russo G, Thorton-Wells TA, Jones N, Smith AV, Chouraki V, Thomas C, Ikram MA, Zelenika D, Vardarajan BN, Kamatani Y, Lin CF, Gerrish A, Schmidt H, Kunkle B, Dunstan ML, Ruiz A, Bihoreau MT, Choi SH, Reitz C, Pasquier F, Cruchaga C, Craig D, Amin N, Berr C, Lopez OL, De Jager PL, Deramecourt V, Johnston JA, Evans D, Lovestone S, Letenneur L, Morón FJ, Rubinsztein DC, Eiriksdottir G, Sleegers K, Goate AM, Fiévet N, Huentelman MW, Gill M, Brown K, Kamboh MI, Keller L, Barberger-Gateau P, McGuiness B, Larson EB, Green R, Myers AJ, Dufouil C, Todd S, Wallon D, Love S, Rogaeva E, Gallacher J, St George-Hyslop P, Clarimon J, Lleo A, Bayer A, Tsuang DW, Yu L, Tsolaki M, Bossù P, Spalletta G, Proitsi P, Collinge J, Sorbi S, Sanchez-Garcia F, Fox NC, Hardy J, Deniz Naranjo MC, Bosco P, Clarke R, Brayne C, Galimberti D, Mancuso M, Matthews F, European Alzheimer's Disease Initiative (EADI), Genetic and Environmental Risk in Alzheimer's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Consortium, Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology, Moebus S, Mecocci P, Del Zompo M, Maier W, Hampel H, Pilotto A, Bullido M, Panza F, Caffarra P, Nacmias B, Gilbert JR, Mayhaus M, Lannefelt L, Hakonarson H, Pichler S, Carrasquillo MM, Ingelsson M, Beekly D, Alvarez V, Zou F, Valladares O, Younkin SG, Coto E, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Gu W, Razquin C, Pastor P, Mateo I, Owen MJ, Faber KM, Jonsson PV, Combarros O, O'Donovan MC, Cantwell LB, Soininen H, Blacker D, Mead S, Mosley TH Jr, Bennett DA, Harris TB, Fratiglioni L, Holmes C, de Bruijn RF, Passmore P, Montine TJ, Bettens K, Rotter JI, Brice A, Morgan K, Foroud TM, Kukull WA, Hannequin D, Powell JF, Nalls MA, Ritchie K, Lunetta KL, Kauwe JS, Boerwinkle E, Riemenschneider M, Boada M, Hiltuenen M, Martin ER, Schmidt R, Rujescu D, Wang LS, Dartigues JF, Mayeux R, Tzourio C, Hofman A, Nöthen MM, Graff C, Psaty BM, Jones L, Haines JL, Holmans PA, Lathrop M, Pericak-Vance MA, Launer LJ, Farrer LA, van Duijn CM, Van Broeckhoven C, Moskvina V, Seshadri S, Williams J, Schellenberg GD, Amouyel P, Wang J, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Koudstgaal PJ, Longstreth WT Jr, Becker JT, Kuller LH, Lumley T, Rice K, Garcia M, Aspelund T, Marksteiner JJ, Dal-Bianco P, Töglhofer AM, Freudenberger P, Ransmayr G, Benke T, Toeglhofer AM, Bressler J, Breteler MM, Fornage M, Hernández I, Rosende Roca M, Ana Mauleón M, Alegrat M, Ramírez-Lorca R, González-Perez A, Chapman J, Stretton A, Morgan A, Kehoe PG, Medway C, Lord J, Turton J, Hooper NM, Vardy E, Warren JD, Schott JM, Uphill J, Ryan N, Rossor M, Ben-Shlomo Y, Makrina D, Gkatzima O, Lupton M, Koutroumani M, Avramidou D, Germanou A, Jessen F, Riedel-Heller S, Dichgans M, Heun R, Kölsch H, Schürmann B, Herold C, Lacour A, Drichel D, Hoffman P, Kornhuber J, Gu W, Feulner T, van den Bussche H, Lawlor B, Lynch A, Mann D, Smith AD, Warden D, Wilcock G, Heuser I, Wiltgang J, Frölich L, Hüll M, Mayo K, Livingston G, Bass NJ, Gurling H, McQuillin A, Gwilliam R, Deloukas P, Al-Chalabi A, Shaw CE, Singleton AB, Guerreiro R, Jöckel KH, Klopp N, Wichmann HE, Dickson DW, Graff-Radford NR, Ma L, Bisceglio G, Fisher E, Warner N, Pickering-Brown S. Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet. 2013 Dec;45(12):1452-8. Epub 2013 Oct 27 PubMed.
- Naj AC, Jun G, Beecham GW, Wang LS, Vardarajan BN, Buros J, Gallins PJ, Buxbaum JD, Jarvik GP, Crane PK, Larson EB, Bird TD, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, De Jager PL, Evans D, Schneider JA, Carrasquillo MM, Ertekin-Taner N, Younkin SG, Cruchaga C, Kauwe JS, Nowotny P, Kramer P, Hardy J, Huentelman MJ, Myers AJ, Barmada MM, Demirci FY, Baldwin CT, Green RC, Rogaeva E, St George-Hyslop P, Arnold SE, Barber R, Beach T, Bigio EH, Bowen JD, Boxer A, Burke JR, Cairns NJ, Carlson CS, Carney RM, Carroll SL, Chui HC, Clark DG, Corneveaux J, Cotman CW, Cummings JL, DeCarli C, DeKosky ST, Diaz-Arrastia R, Dick M, Dickson DW, Ellis WG, Faber KM, Fallon KB, Farlow MR, Ferris S, Frosch MP, Galasko DR, Ganguli M, Gearing M, Geschwind DH, Ghetti B, Gilbert JR, Gilman S, Giordani B, Glass JD, Growdon JH, Hamilton RL, Harrell LE, Head E, Honig LS, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Jicha GA, Jin LW, Johnson N, Karlawish J, Karydas A, Kaye JA, Kim R, Koo EH, Kowall NW, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Lieberman AP, Lopez OL, Mack WJ, Marson DC, Martiniuk F, Mash DC, Masliah E, McCormick WC, McCurry SM, McDavid AN, McKee AC, Mesulam M, Miller BL, Miller CA, Miller JW, Parisi JE, Perl DP, Peskind E, Petersen RC, Poon WW, Quinn JF, Rajbhandary RA, Raskind M, Reisberg B, Ringman JM, Roberson ED, Rosenberg RN, Sano M, Schneider LS, Seeley W, Shelanski ML, Slifer MA, Smith CD, Sonnen JA, Spina S, Stern RA, Tanzi RE, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Van Deerlin VM, Vinters HV, Vonsattel JP, Weintraub S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Williamson J, Woltjer RL, Cantwell LB, Dombroski BA, Beekly D, Lunetta KL, Martin ER, Kamboh MI, Saykin AJ, Reiman EM, Bennett DA, Morris JC, Montine TJ, Goate AM, Blacker D, Tsuang DW, Hakonarson H, Kukull WA, Foroud TM, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Pericak-Vance MA, Farrer LA, Schellenberg GD. Common variants at MS4A4/MS4A6E, CD2AP, CD33 and EPHA1 are associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet. 2011 May;43(5):436-41. Epub 2011 Apr 3 PubMed.
- Wang H, Lo MT, Rosenthal SB, Makowski C, Andreassen OA, Salem RM, McEvoy LK, Fiecas M, Chen CH. Similar Genetic Architecture of Alzheimer's Disease and Differential APOE Effect Between Sexes. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:674318. Epub 2021 May 28 PubMed.
- Xin XY, Ding JQ, Chen SD. Apolipoprotein E promoter polymorphisms and risk of Alzheimer's disease: evidence from meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19(4):1283-94. PubMed.
- Harold D, Abraham R, Hollingworth P, Sims R, Gerrish A, Hamshere ML, Pahwa JS, Moskvina V, Dowzell K, Williams A, Jones N, Thomas C, Stretton A, Morgan AR, Lovestone S, Powell J, Proitsi P, Lupton MK, Brayne C, Rubinsztein DC, Gill M, Lawlor B, Lynch A, Morgan K, Brown KS, Passmore PA, Craig D, McGuinness B, Todd S, Holmes C, Mann D, Smith AD, Love S, Kehoe PG, Hardy J, Mead S, Fox N, Rossor M, Collinge J, Maier W, Jessen F, Schürmann B, van den Bussche H, Heuser I, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J, Dichgans M, Frölich L, Hampel H, Hüll M, Rujescu D, Goate AM, Kauwe JS, Cruchaga C, Nowotny P, Morris JC, Mayo K, Sleegers K, Bettens K, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Livingston G, Bass NJ, Gurling H, McQuillin A, Gwilliam R, Deloukas P, Al-Chalabi A, Shaw CE, Tsolaki M, Singleton AB, Guerreiro R, Mühleisen TW, Nöthen MM, Moebus S, Jöckel KH, Klopp N, Wichmann HE, Carrasquillo MM, Pankratz VS, Younkin SG, Holmans PA, O'Donovan M, Owen MJ, Williams J. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and PICALM associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet. 2009 Oct;41(10):1088-93. PubMed.
- Lee W-P, Choi SH, Shea MG, Cheng P-L, Dombroski BA, Pitsillides AN, Heard-Costa NL, Wang H, Bulekova K, Kuzma AB, Leung YY, Farrell JJ, Lin H, Naj A, Blue EE, Nusetor F, Wang D, Boerwinkle E, Bush WS, Zhang X, DeJager PL, Dupuis J, Farrer LA, Fornage M, Martin E, Pericak-Vance M, Seshadri S, Wijsman EM, Wang L-S, Schellenberg GD, Destefano AL, Haines JL, Peloso GM. Association of Common and Rare Variants with Alzheimer's Disease in over 13,000 Diverse Individuals with Whole-Genome Sequencing from the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project. 2023 Sep 02 10.1101/2023.09.01.23294953 (version 1) medRxiv.
- Bertram L, McQueen MB, Mullin K, Blacker D, Tanzi RE. Systematic meta-analyses of Alzheimer disease genetic association studies: the AlzGene database. Nat Genet. 2007 Jan;39(1):17-23. PubMed.
- Xiao H, Gao Y, Liu L, Li Y. Association between polymorphisms in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis. EXCLI J. 2017;16:921-938. Epub 2017 Jun 20 PubMed.
- Reitz C, Jun G, Naj A, Rajbhandary R, Vardarajan BN, Wang LS, Valladares O, Lin CF, Larson EB, Graff-Radford NR, Evans D, De Jager PL, Crane PK, Buxbaum JD, Murrell JR, Raj T, Ertekin-Taner N, Logue M, Baldwin CT, Green RC, Barnes LL, Cantwell LB, Fallin MD, Go RC, Griffith P, Obisesan TO, Manly JJ, Lunetta KL, Kamboh MI, Lopez OL, Bennett DA, Hendrie H, Hall KS, Goate AM, Byrd GS, Kukull WA, Foroud TM, Haines JL, Farrer LA, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Mayeux R, . Variants in the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA7), apolipoprotein E ϵ4,and the risk of late-onset Alzheimer disease in African Americans. JAMA. 2013 Apr 10;309(14):1483-92. PubMed.
- Naj AC, Beecham GW, Martin ER, Gallins PJ, Powell EH, Konidari I, Whitehead PL, Cai G, Haroutunian V, Scott WK, Vance JM, Slifer MA, Gwirtsman HE, Gilbert JR, Haines JL, Buxbaum JD, Pericak-Vance MA. Dementia revealed: novel chromosome 6 locus for late-onset Alzheimer disease provides genetic evidence for folate-pathway abnormalities. PLoS Genet. 2010 Sep;6(9) PubMed.
Other Citations
External Citations
Further Reading
No Available Further Reading
Protein Diagram
Primary Papers
- Artiga MJ, Bullido MJ, Sastre I, Recuero M, García MA, Aldudo J, Vázquez J, Valdivieso F. Allelic polymorphisms in the transcriptional regulatory region of apolipoprotein E gene. FEBS Lett. 1998 Jan 9;421(2):105-8. PubMed.
- Lambert JC, Pasquier F, Cottel D, Frigard B, Amouyel P, Chartier-Harlin MC. A new polymorphism in the APOE promoter associated with risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 1998 Mar;7(3):533-40. PubMed.
Disclaimer: Alzforum does not provide medical advice. The Content is for informational, educational, research and reference purposes only and is not intended to substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek advice from a qualified physician or health care professional about any medical concern, and do not disregard professional medical advice because of anything you may read on Alzforum.
Comments
No Available Comments
Make a Comment
To make a comment you must login or register.