Research Models

Selected Results

3 Models

Name Other Names Strain Name Genetic Background Gene Mutation Modification Info Modification Disease Neuropathology Behavior/Cognition Other Phenotype Availability Primary Paper Visualization
Mouse Models (3)
APPNL-F/NL-F Apptm2.1Tcs/Apptm2.1Tcs C57BL/6 APP APP K670_M671delinsNL (Swedish), APP I716F (Iberian) Knock-in of APP sequence including introns 15 to 17. Sequence was modified to contain a humanized Aβ region and the Swedish and Beyreuther/Iberian mutations. APP: Knock-In Alzheimer's Disease Elevated Aβ peptides accumulating into plaques starting at 6 months. Microgliosis and astrocytosis, especially around plaques. Reduced synaptophysin and PSD-95 indicative of synaptic loss. No tangle pathology or neurodegeneration. Memory impairment by 18 months as measured by the Y maze. No significant impairment in the Morris water maze. No overexpression of APP. Generates wild-type levels of AICD. Available through Takaomi Saido Saito et al., 2014 Yes
APPNL-G-F/NL-G-F, AppNL-G-F Apptm3.1Tcs/Apptm3.1Tcs C57BL/6 APP APP K670_M671delinsNL (Swedish), APP I716F (Iberian), APP E693G (Arctic) Knock-in of APP sequence including introns 15 to 17. Sequence was modified to contain a humanized Aβ region and three pathogenic mutations (Swedish, Beyreuther/Iberian, and Arctic). APP: Knock-In Alzheimer's Disease Aggressive amyloidosis with deposition in the cortex beginning at 2 months and approaching saturation by 7 months. Aβ deposition in heterozygous mice at 4 months. Subcortical amyloidosis. Exacerbated microgliosis and astrocytosis compared to APPNL-F mice. Reduced synaptophysin and PSD-95 indicative of synaptic loss. No tangle pathology or neurodegeneration. Memory impairment by 6 months as measured by the Y maze. No overexpression of APP. Wild-type levels of AICD. Available through Takaomi Saido Saito et al., 2014 Yes
AppNL-G-F/MAPT double knock-in, AppNL-G-F/MAPT dKI C57BL/6J App, MAPT APP K670_M671delinsNL (Swedish), APP I716F (Iberian), APP E693G (Arctic) AppNL-G-F mice (mouse App sequence modified to contain a humanized Aβ region and the Swedish, Iberian, and Arctic mutations linked to AD) were crossed with MAPT knock-in mice (entire genomic sequence of murine Mapt, from exon 1 to exon 14, replaced with the human MAPT gene from the ATG codon of exon 1 to the 3'-untranslated region). App: Knock-In; MAPT: Knock-In Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid plaques, plaque-associated neuritic dystrophy, and neuroinflammation, similar to AppNL-G-F. Deficits in the Y-maze test of working memory, similar to AppNL-G-F. Compared with AppNL-G-F mice, AppNL-G-F/MAPT double knock-in mice showed accelerated propagation of pathological tau species after AD-derived tau was injected into the mouse brain. Available through Takaomi Saido, RIKEN Center for Brain Science. Saito et al., 2019, Hashimoto et al., 2019 Yes

3 Visualizations

AD-related Research Models

Phenotypes Examined

  • Plaques
  • Tangles
  • Neuronal Loss
  • Gliosis
  • Synaptic Loss
  • Changes in LTP/LTD
  • Cognitive Impairment

When visualized, these phenotypes will distributed over a 18 month timeline demarcated at the following intervals: 3mo, 6mo, 9mo, 1yr, 15mo, 18mo+.

APP NL-F Knock-in

Observed
  1. X
    Plaques at 26

    Homozygotes develop amyloid plaques starting at 6 months in the cortex and hippocampus. Heterozygotes develop amyloidosis after 24 months. Plaques contained Aβ1-42 and pyroglutamate Aβ (Aβ3(pE)-42); Aβx-40 was a minor species.

  2. X
    Gliosis at 26

    Microglia and activated astrocytes accumulate with age, starting around 6 months of age, concurrent with plaque formation.

  3. X
    Synaptic Loss at 39

    Reduced synaptophysin and PSD95 immunoreactivities associated with Aβ plaques at 9-12 months.

  4. X
    Cognitive Impairment at 78

    Memory impairment in homozygous mice at 18 months as measured by the Y maze test. APPNL/NL mice (with Swedish mutation only) were unimpaired at this age. No significant deficit was seen in the Morris water maze at 18 months.

Absent
  • Tangles at

    Absent; although elevated levels of phosphorylated tau are observed in dystrophic neurites around plaques.

  • Neuronal Loss at

    Absent.

No Data
  • Changes in LTP/LTD at

    Unknown.

Genes Mutations Modification Disease Neuropathology Behavior/Cognition
APP APP K670_M671delinsNL (Swedish), APP I716F (Iberian) APP: Knock-In Alzheimer's Disease

Elevated Aβ peptides accumulating into plaques starting at 6 months. Microgliosis and astrocytosis, especially around plaques. Reduced synaptophysin and PSD-95 indicative of synaptic loss. No tangle pathology or neurodegeneration.

Memory impairment by 18 months as measured by the Y maze. No significant impairment in the Morris water maze.

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APP NL-G-F Knock-in

Observed
  1. X
    Plaques at 9

    Aggressive amyloidosis; plaques develop in homozygous mice starting at 2 months with near saturation by 7 months. Aβ deposition at 4 months in heterozygous mice. Cortical and subcortical amyloidosis present.

  2. X
    Gliosis at 9

    Microglia and activated astrocytes accumulate with age starting around 2 months, especially around plaques in a manner concurrent with plaque formation.

  3. X
    Synaptic Loss at 17

    Reduction of synaptophysin and PSD95 immunoreactivities associated with Aβ plaques in both cortical and hippocampal areas.

  4. X
    Cognitive Impairment at 26

    Memory impairment in homozygous mice by 6 months of age as measured by the Y maze.

Absent
  • Tangles at

    Absent; although phosphorylated tau is elevated in dystrophic neurites around plaques.

  • Neuronal Loss at

    Absent.

No Data
  • Changes in LTP/LTD at

    Unknown.

Genes Mutations Modification Disease Neuropathology Behavior/Cognition
APP APP K670_M671delinsNL (Swedish), APP I716F (Iberian), APP E693G (Arctic) APP: Knock-In Alzheimer's Disease

Aggressive amyloidosis with deposition in the cortex beginning at 2 months and approaching saturation by 7 months. Aβ deposition in heterozygous mice at 4 months. Subcortical amyloidosis. Exacerbated microgliosis and astrocytosis compared to APPNL-F mice. Reduced synaptophysin and PSD-95 indicative of synaptic loss. No tangle pathology or neurodegeneration.

Memory impairment by 6 months as measured by the Y maze.

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AppNL-G-F/MAPT double knock-in

Observed
  1. X
    Plaques at 8

    Plaques observed at 2 months.

  2. X
    Gliosis at 16

    Astrogliosis and microgliosis observed by 4 months.

  3. X
    Cognitive Impairment at 52

    Deficits in the Y-maze test of working memory at 12 months of age.

Absent
  • Tangles at

    No neurofibrillary tangles observed up to 24 months of age.

  • Neuronal Loss at

    No neurodegeneration observed up to 24 months of age.

No Data
  • Synaptic Loss at

    No data.

  • Changes in LTP/LTD at

    No data.

Genes Mutations Modification Disease Neuropathology Behavior/Cognition
App, MAPT APP K670_M671delinsNL (Swedish), APP I716F (Iberian), APP E693G (Arctic) App: Knock-In; MAPT: Knock-In Alzheimer's Disease

Amyloid plaques, plaque-associated neuritic dystrophy, and neuroinflammation, similar to AppNL-G-F.

Deficits in the Y-maze test of working memory, similar to AppNL-G-F.

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