Gauthier LR, Charrin BC, Borrell-Pagès M, Dompierre JP, Rangone H, Cordelières FP, De Mey J, MacDonald ME, Lessmann V, Humbert S, Saudou F. Huntingtin controls neurotrophic support and survival of neurons by enhancing BDNF vesicular transport along microtubules. Cell. 2004 Jul 9;118(1):127-38. PubMed.

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Comments

  1. Cortisol, I believe, inhibits BDNF expression or function. Fatty diet (low in Essential Fatty Acids-EFA) causes permanent stress in the offspring—with raised cortisol and homocysteine—when consumed in pregnancy. Fatty adult diet causes mitochondrial uncoupling, impaired ATP formation and superoxide production, by depleting mit. membranes of EFA. There are large unexplained variations in Huntington's onset and severity, which may be explained by the above observations. I have seen HD develop in the 40-year old anxious, fat-eating daughter of a calmer mother, who developed HD at a later stage of life, and progressed more slowly. Nutritionally, the best intervention for HD—until some cure for the genetic fault comes along—would be to institute low-fat, EFA rich diet, and if anxiety is present, add 10 gm daily of Inositol powder supplement, which should lower the cortisol and homocysteine levels, thus improving BDNF function etc.. It wouldn't hurt to throw in some folic acid. Dr Krishna Vaddadi, in far-off Australia, has used EFA with good results. Nobody has yet tried Inositol, which requires the insight to detect chronic anxiety, the best marker for which is probably a history of shyness in childhood.

    View all comments by Robert Peers

  2. I find this paper a significant contribution to the field, and one that will undoubtedly engender further work and exploration into potential new therapeutics. This is important for the Alzheimer's field because new approaches designed to increase vesicular transport may significantly aid Alzheimer's victims. Specifically:

    It is interesting to find decreased BDNF transport in Huntington's disease, in view of the decrease in BDNF transcription that was previously reported (Zuccato et al., 2001) and which presumably occurs via polyglutamine-mediated interference with CBP-regulated gene transcription (Nucifora et al., 2001). Importantly, as Gauthier et al. note in their current manuscript, these two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and could both contribute to neuronal death.

    The parallels that we and others find with decreased BDNF transcription in cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (Garzon et al., 2002; Holsinger et al., 2000; Murray et al., 1994; Phillips et al., 1991) suggest BDNF downregulation as a general mechanism for compromising neuronal survival in neurodegenerative diseases.

    Decreases in NGF in nucleus basalis of Alzheimer's disease patients and increases in proNGF in cortex and hippocampus (Scott et al., 1995; Hock et al., 2000; Fahnestock et al., 2001) are also consistent with a defect in cholinergic basal forebrain neuronal transport of neurotrophic factors in Alzheimer's disease.

    ProBDNF is decreased in Alzheimer's disease (Michalski and Fahnestock, 2003), and we are examining retrograde transport of proNGF and proBDNF. The potential involvement of proBDNF should also be examined in Huntington's disease, particularly in light of the demonstrated involvement of the pro domain in activity-dependent secretion of BDNF (Egan et al., 2003).

    References:

    Zuccato C, Ciammola A, Rigamonti D, Leavitt BR, Goffredo D, Conti L, MacDonald ME, Friedlander RM, Silani V, Hayden MR, Timmusk T, Sipione S, Cattaneo E. Loss of huntingtin-mediated BDNF gene transcription in Huntington's disease. Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):493-8. PubMed.

    Nucifora FC, Sasaki M, Peters MF, Huang H, Cooper JK, Yamada M, Takahashi H, Tsuji S, Troncoso J, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Ross CA. Interference by huntingtin and atrophin-1 with cbp-mediated transcription leading to cellular toxicity. Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2423-8. PubMed.

    Garzon D, Yu G, Fahnestock M. A new brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcript and decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts 1, 2 and 3 in Alzheimer's disease parietal cortex. J Neurochem. 2002 Sep;82(5):1058-64. PubMed.

    Holsinger RM, Schnarr J, Henry P, Castelo VT, Fahnestock M. Quantitation of BDNF mRNA in human parietal cortex by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction: decreased levels in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2000 Mar 29;76(2):347-54. PubMed.

    Murray KD, Gall CM, Jones EG, Isackson PJ. Differential regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and type II calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase messenger RNA expression in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience. 1994 May;60(1):37-48. PubMed.

    Phillips HS, Hains JM, Armanini M, Laramee GR, Johnson SA, Winslow JW. BDNF mRNA is decreased in the hippocampus of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Neuron. 1991 Nov;7(5):695-702. PubMed.

    Scott SA, Mufson EJ, Weingartner JA, Skau KA, Crutcher KA. Nerve growth factor in Alzheimer's disease: increased levels throughout the brain coupled with declines in nucleus basalis. J Neurosci. 1995 Sep;15(9):6213-21. PubMed.

    Hock C, Heese K, Hulette C, Rosenberg C, Otten U. Region-specific neurotrophin imbalances in Alzheimer disease: decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and increased levels of nerve growth factor in hippocampus and cortical areas. Arch Neurol. 2000 Jun;57(6):846-51. PubMed.

    Fahnestock M, Michalski B, Xu B, Coughlin MD. The precursor pro-nerve growth factor is the predominant form of nerve growth factor in brain and is increased in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2001 Aug;18(2):210-20. PubMed.

    Michalski B, Fahnestock M. Pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor is decreased in parietal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2003 Mar 17;111(1-2):148-54. PubMed.

    Egan MF, Kojima M, Callicott JH, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Bertolino A, Zaitsev E, Gold B, Goldman D, Dean M, Lu B, Weinberger DR. The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell. 2003 Jan 24;112(2):257-69. PubMed.

    View all comments by Margaret Fahnestock

  3. The findings of decreased BDNF transport in Huntington's disease, as well as the reports by the Brady and Goldstein groups are significant, as they support the hypothesis that various neurodegenerative disorders display impaired axonal transport defects. These findings parallel the findings from our group showing a deficit in the retrograde transport of NGF within the cholinergic basal forebrain cortical projection system, a reduction in cortical levels of the NGF signal transduction trkA receptor, as well as decreased pre and proBDNF transcription in cortex and hippocampus during the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

    These obsersvation lends support to the emerging concept that several of the most common human neurodegnerative diseases have a common underlying defect in impaired axonal transport in addition to the more traditional pathologic lesions. Transport defects may play pivotal roles in the selective vulnerability of neuronal populations leading to cell death.

    References:

    Peng S, Wuu J, Mufson EJ, Fahnestock M. Increased proNGF levels in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004 Jun;63(6):641-9. PubMed.

    View all comments by Elliott Mufson

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