Overview

Pathogenicity: Alzheimer's Disease : Likely Pathogenic
ACMG/AMP Pathogenicity Criteria: PS2, PS3, PM1, PM2, PP2, PP3
Clinical Phenotype: Alzheimer's Disease
Position: (GRCh38/hg38):Chr14:73219139 G>T
Position: (GRCh37/hg19):Chr14:73685847 G>T
dbSNP ID: rs63751316
Coding/Non-Coding: Coding
DNA Change: Substitution
Expected RNA Consequence: Substitution
Expected Protein Consequence: Missense
Codon Change: TTG to TTT
Reference Isoform: PSEN1 Isoform 1 (467 aa)
Genomic Region: Exon 12

Findings

This mutation was found in a screen for variants in the open reading frame of the PSEN1 gene in participants from the United States, Germany, and Canada who had been referred for AD diagnostic testing (Rogaeva et al., 2001). The cohort included 372 patients with AD and 42 asymptomatic individuals with a strong family history of AD. Evidence for co-segregation of this mutation with disease is not available.

The variant was also reported in an American man who suffered from familial AD with age at onset of 33 years and disease duration of only three years (Leverenz et al., 2006). His APOE genotype was E3/E4.

A subsequent study reported the variant as a de novo mutation in a sporadic case of AD in a French individual for which parental DNA was available (Lanoiselee et al., 2017). Age at onset was 33 years and disease duration was 8 years. The carrier's APOE genotype was E3/E3.

This variant was absent from the gnomAD variant database (gnomAD v2.1.1, August 2021).

Neuropathology
Lewy body pathology in the amygdala was reported in one individual (Leverenz et al., 2006).

Biological Effect
In an in vitro assay using purified proteins to test the ability of this mutant to cleave the APP-C99 substrate, the production of Aβ40 and Aβ42 was decreased and the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio was elevated approximately 5-fold (Sun et al., 2017). Several in silico algorithms (SIFT, Polyphen-2, LRT, MutationTaster, MutationAssessor, FATHMM, PROVEAN, CADD, REVEL, and Reve in the VarCards database) predicted this variant is damaging (Xiao et al., 2021).

Pathogenicity

Alzheimer's Disease : Likely Pathogenic

This variant fulfilled the following criteria based on the ACMG/AMP guidelines. See a full list of the criteria in the Methods page.

PS2-S

De novo (both maternity and paternity confirmed) in a patient with the disease and no family history.

PS3-M

Well-established in vitro or in vivo functional studies supportive of a damaging effect on the gene or gene product. L418F: Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio increased, but production of both peptides decreased.

PM1-M

Located in a mutational hot spot and/or critical and well-established functional domain (e.g. active site of an enzyme) without benign variation.

PM2-M

Absent from controls (or at extremely low frequency if recessive) in Exome Sequencing Project, 1000 Genomes Project, or Exome Aggregation Consortium. *Alzforum uses the gnomAD variant database.

PP2-P

Missense variant in a gene that has a low rate of benign missense variation and where missense variants are a common mechanism of disease.

PP3-P

Multiple lines of computational evidence support a deleterious effect on the gene or gene product (conservation, evolutionary, splicing impact, etc.). *In most cases, Alzforum applies this criterion when the variant’s PHRED-scaled CADD score is greater than or equal to 20.

	Pathogenic (PS, PM, PP)			Benign (BA, BS, BP)
Criteria Weighting	Strong (-S)	Moderate (-M)	Supporting (-P)	Supporting (-P)	Strong (-S)	Strongest (BA)

Last Updated: 22 Feb 2022

Comments

No Available Comments

Make a Comment

To make a comment you must login or register.

References

Paper Citations

Rogaeva EA, Fafel KC, Song YQ, Medeiros H, Sato C, Liang Y, Richard E, Rogaev EI, Frommelt P, Sadovnick AD, Meschino W, Rockwood K, Boss MA, Mayeux R, St George-Hyslop P. Screening for PS1 mutations in a referral-based series of AD cases: 21 novel mutations. Neurology. 2001 Aug 28;57(4):621-5. PubMed.
Leverenz JB, Fishel MA, Peskind ER, Montine TJ, Nochlin D, Steinbart E, Raskind MA, Schellenberg GD, Bird TD, Tsuang D. Lewy body pathology in familial Alzheimer disease: evidence for disease- and mutation-specific pathologic phenotype. Arch Neurol. 2006 Mar;63(3):370-6. PubMed.
Lanoiselée HM, Nicolas G, Wallon D, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Lacour M, Rousseau S, Richard AC, Pasquier F, Rollin-Sillaire A, Martinaud O, Quillard-Muraine M, de la Sayette V, Boutoleau-Bretonniere C, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Chauviré V, Sarazin M, le Ber I, Epelbaum S, Jonveaux T, Rouaud O, Ceccaldi M, Félician O, Godefroy O, Formaglio M, Croisile B, Auriacombe S, Chamard L, Vincent JL, Sauvée M, Marelli-Tosi C, Gabelle A, Ozsancak C, Pariente J, Paquet C, Hannequin D, Campion D, collaborators of the CNR-MAJ project. APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 mutations in early-onset Alzheimer disease: A genetic screening study of familial and sporadic cases. PLoS Med. 2017 Mar;14(3):e1002270. Epub 2017 Mar 28 PubMed.
Sun L, Zhou R, Yang G, Shi Y. Analysis of 138 pathogenic mutations in presenilin-1 on the in vitro production of Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides by γ-secretase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jan 24;114(4):E476-E485. Epub 2016 Dec 5 PubMed.
Xiao X, Liu H, Liu X, Zhang W, Zhang S, Jiao B. APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 Variants in Alzheimer's Disease: Systematic Re-evaluation According to ACMG Guidelines. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:695808. Epub 2021 Jun 18 PubMed.

Mutations

PSEN1 L418F

Quick Links