Sports Concussions, Dementia, and APOE Genotyping: What Can Scientists Tell The Public? What's Up for Research?

Further Reading: Scientific Articles

Gilchrist J, Thomas KE, Wald M, Langlois J. Nonfatal Traumatic Brain Injuries from Sports and Recreation Activities--United States, 2001-2005. (National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program). Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2007;56(5):733.

Cantu RC. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in the National Football League. Neurosurgery. 2007;61( 2):223-225. Abstract

Wilson M, Montgomery H. Impact of genetic factors on outcome from brain injury. Br J Anaesth. 2007 Jul;99(1):43-8. Abstract

Alexander S, Kerr ME, Kim Y, Kamboh MI, Beers SR, Conley YP. Apolipoprotein E4 allele presence and functional outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2007 May;24(5):790-7. Abstract

DeKosky ST, Abrahamson EE, Ciallella JR, Paljug WR, Wisniewski SR, Clark RS, Ikonomovic MD. Association of increased cortical soluble abeta42 levels with diffuse plaques after severe brain injury in humans. Arch Neurol. 2007 Apr;64(4):541-4. Abstract

Jordan BD. Genetic influences on outcome following traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Res. 2007 Apr-May;32(4-5):905-15. Epub 2007 Mar 7. Review. Abstract

Ponsford J, Rudzki D, Bailey K, Ng KT. Impact of apolipoprotein gene on cognitive impairment and recovery after traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2007 Feb 20;68(8):619-20. No abstract available. Abstract

Sundstrom A, Nilsson LG, Cruts M, Adolfsson R, Van Broeckhoven C, Nyberg L. Increased risk of dementia following mild head injury for carriers but not for non-carriers of the APOE epsilon4 allele. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007 Feb;19(1):159-65. Epub 2006 May 10. Abstract

Ariza M, Pueyo R, Matarin Mdel M, Junque C, Mataro M, Clemente I, Moral P, Poca MA, Garnacho A, Sahuquillo J. Influence of APOE polymorphism on cognitive and behavioural outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;77(10):1191-3. Epub 2006 Apr 13. Abstract

Isoniemi H, Tenovuo O, Portin R, Himanen L, Kairisto V. Outcome of traumatic brain injury after three decades--relationship to ApoE genotype. J Neurotrauma. 2006 Nov;23(11):1600-8. Abstract

Jiang Y, Sun X, Xia Y, Tang W, Cao Y, Gu Y. Effect of APOE polymorphisms on early responses to traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Nov 13;408(2):155-8. Epub 2006 Sep 25. Abstract

Isoniemi H, Kurki T, Tenovuo O, Kairisto V, Portin R. Hippocampal volume, brain atrophy, and APOE genotype after traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2006 Sep 12;67(5):756-60. Abstract

Diaz-Arrastia R, Baxter VK. Genetic factors in outcome after traumatic brain injury: what the human genome project can teach us about brain trauma. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006 Jul-Aug;21(4):361-74. Review. Abstract

Houlden H, Greenwood R. Apolipoprotein E4 and traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;77(10):1106-7. Epub 2006 Jun 22. No abstract available. Abstract

Mauri M, Sinforiani E, Bono G, Cittadella R, Quattrone A, Boller F, Nappi G. Interaction between Apolipoprotein epsilon 4 and traumatic brain injury in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Funct Neurol. 2006 Oct-Dec;21(4):223-8. Abstract

National Football League Player: Part II. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(5):1086-92; Discussion 1092-3.

Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(1):128-34; Discussion 128-34.

Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, Bailes J, et al. Association between Recurrent Concussion and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment in Retired Professional Football Players. Neurosurgery. 2005;57( 4):719-26; Discussion 719-26.

Teasdale GM, Murray GD, Nicoll JA. The association between APOE epsilon 4, age and outcome after head injury: a prospective cohort study. Brain. 2005 Nov;128(Pt 11):2556-61. Epub 2005 Jul 20. Abstract

Waters RJ, Nicoll JA. Genetic influences on outcome following acute neurological insults. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005 Apr;11(2):105-10. Review. Abstract

Blackman JA, Worley G, Strittmatter WJ. Apolipoprotein E and brain injury: implications for children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005 Jan;47(1):64-70. Review. No abstract available. Abstract

Luukinen H, Viramo P, Herala M, Kervinen K, Kesaniemi YA, Savola O, Winqvist S, Jokelainen J, Hillbom M. Fall-related brain injuries and the risk of dementia in elderly people: a population-based study. Eur J Neurol. 2005 Feb;12(2):86-92. Abstract

Leclercq PD, Murray LS, Smith C, Graham DI, Nicoll JA, Gentleman SM. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in traumatic brain injury: association with apolipoprotein E genotype. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;76(2):229-33. Abstract

Collie A, Maruff P, Falleti M. APOE influences on neuropsychological function after mild head injury: within-person comparisons. Neurology. 2004 Dec 28;63(12):2460; author reply 2460. No abstract available. Abstract

Ikonomovic MD, Uryu K, Abrahamson EE, Ciallella JR, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM, Clark RS, Marion DW, Wisniewski SR, DeKosky ST. Alzheimer's pathology in human temporal cortex surgically excised after severe brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2004 Nov;190(1):192-203. Abstract

Jellinger KA. Head injury and dementia. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004 Dec;17(6):719-23. Review. Abstract

Koponen S, Taiminen T, Kairisto V, Portin R, Isoniemi H, Hinkka S, Tenovuo O. APOE-epsilon4 predicts dementia but not other psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2004 Aug 24;63(4):749-50. Abstract

Sundstrom A, Marklund P, Nilsson LG, Cruts M, Adolfsson R, Van Broeckhoven C, Nyberg L. APOE influences on neuropsychological function after mild head injury: within-person comparisons. Neurology. 2004 Jun 8;62(11):1963-6. Abstract

Jellinger KA. Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;75(3):511-2. No abstract available. Abstract

Rutherford A, Stephens R, Potter D. The neuropsychology of heading and head trauma in Association Football (soccer): a review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2003 Sep;13(3):153-79. Review. Abstract

Chiang MF, Chang JG, Hu CJ. Association between apolipoprotein E genotype and outcome of traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003 Aug;145(8):649-53; discussion 653-4. Abstract

Lendon CL, Harris JM, Pritchard AL, Nicoll JA, Teasdale GM, Murray G. Genetic variation of the APOE promoter and outcome after head injury. Neurology. 2003 Sep 9;61(5):683-5. Abstract

Millar K, Nicoll JA, Thornhill S, Murray GD, Teasdale GM. Long term neuropsychological outcome after head injury: relation to APOE genotype. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;74(8):1047-52. Abstract

Nathoo N, Chetty R, van Dellen JR, Barnett GH. Genetic vulnerability following traumatic brain injury: the role of apolipoprotein E. Mol Pathol. 2003 Jun;56(3):132-6. Review. Abstract

Nathoo N, Chetry R, van Dellen JR, Connolly C, Naidoo R. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and outcome after closed traumatic brain injury: influence of ethnic and regional differences. J Neurosurg. 2003 Feb;98(2):302-6. Abstract

Nandoe RD, Scheltens P, Eikelenboom P. Head trauma and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2002 Aug;4(4):303-8. Abstract

Liberman JN, Stewart WF, Wesnes K, Troncoso J. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and short-term recovery from predominantly mild brain injury. Neurology. 2002 Apr 9;58(7):1038-44. Abstract

McCrory P. Boxing and the brain. Revisiting chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Feb;36(1):2. No abstract available. Abstract

Jellinger KA, Paulus W, Wrocklage C, Litvan I. Effects of closed traumatic brain injury and genetic factors on the development of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol. 2001 Nov;8(6):707-10. Abstract

Nicoll JA, McCarron MO. APOE gene polymorphism as a risk factor for cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. Amyloid. 2001 Jul;8 Suppl 1:51-5. Abstract

Jellinger KA, Paulus W, Wrocklage C, Litvan I. Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease. Comparison of two retrospective autopsy cohorts with evaluation of ApoE genotype. BMC Neurol. 2001 Dec 18;1:3. Epub 2001 Dec 18. Abstract

Sabo T, Lomnitski L, Nyska A, Beni S, Maronpot RR, Shohami E, Roses AD, Michaelson DM. Susceptibility of transgenic mice expressing human apolipoprotein E to closed head injury: the allele E3 is neuroprotective whereas E4 increases fatalities. Neuroscience. 2000;101(4):879-84. Abstract

Kutner KC, Erlanger DM, Tsai J, Jordan B, Relkin NR. Lower cognitive performance of older football players possessing apolipoprotein E epsilon4. Neurosurgery. 2000 Sep;47(3):651-7; discussion 657-8. Abstract

Lichtman SW, Seliger G, Tycko B, Marder K. Apolipoprotein E and functional recovery from brain injury following postacute rehabilitation. Neurology. 2000 Nov 28;55(10):1536-9. Abstract

Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, Helms MJ, Newman TN, Drosdick D, Phillips C, Gau BA, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Burke JR, Guralnik JM, Breitner JC. Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology. 2000 Oct 24;55(8):1158-66. Abstract

Horsburgh K, McCarron MO, White F, Nicoll JA. The role of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease, acute brain injury and cerebrovascular disease: evidence of common mechanisms and utility of animal models. Neurobiol Aging. 2000 Mar-Apr;21(2):245-55. Review. Abstract

Horsburgh K, Cole GM, Yang F, Savage MJ, Greenberg BD, Gentleman SM, Graha DI, Nicoll JA. beta-amyloid (Abeta)42(43), abeta42, abeta40 and apoE immunostaining of plaques in fatal head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2000 Apr;26(2):124-32. Abstract

McCarron MO, Nicoll JA. Apolipoprotein E genotype and cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000 Apr;903:176-9. Review. Abstract

Samatovicz RA. Genetics and brain injury: apolipoprotein E. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2000 Jun;15(3):869-74. Review. Abstract

Smith JD. Apolipoprotein E4: an allele associated with many diseases. Ann Med. 2000 Mar;32(2):118-27. Review. Abstract

Guo Z, Cupples LA, Kurz A, Auerbach SH, Volicer L, Chui H, Green RC, Sadovnick AD, Duara R, DeCarli C, Johnson K, Go RC, Growdon JH, Haines JL, Kukull WA, Farrer LA. Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study. Neurology. 2000 Mar 28;54(6):1316-23. Abstract

Macfarlane DP, Nicoll JA, Smith C, Graham DI. APOE epsilon4 allele and amyloid beta-protein deposition in long term survivors of head injury. Neuroreport. 1999 Dec 16;10(18):3945-8. Abstract

Kerr ME, Kraus M, Marion D, Kamboh I. Evaluation of apolipoprotein E genotypes on cerebral blood flow and metabolism following traumatic brain injury. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;471:117-24. No abstract available. Abstract

Mehta KM, Ott A, Kalmijn S, Slooter AJ, van Duijn CM, Hofman A, Breteler MM. Head trauma and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 1999 Dec 10;53(9):1959-62. Abstract

Graham DI, Horsburgh K, Nicoll JA, Teasdale GM. Apolipoprotein E and the response of the brain to injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1999;73:89-92. Review. Abstract

Caulfield TA. The law, adolescents, and the APOE epsilon 4 genotype: a view from Canada. Genet Test. 1999;3(1):107-13. Review. Abstract

McCarron MO, Nicoll JA, Ironside JW, Love S, Alberts MJ, Bone I. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. Interaction of APOE epsilon2 with putative clinical risk factors. Stroke. 1999 Aug;30(8):1643-6. Abstract

Graham DI, Gentleman SM, Nicoll JA, Royston MC, McKenzie JE, Roberts GW, Mrak RE, Griffin WS. Is there a genetic basis for the deposition of beta-amyloid after fatal head injury? Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1999 Feb;19(1):19-30. Abstract

Friedman G, Froom P, Sazbon L, Grinblatt I, Shochina M, Tsenter J, Babaey S, Yehuda B, Groswasser Z. Apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 genotype predicts a poor outcome in survivors of traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 1999 Jan 15;52(2):244-8. Abstract

Kerr ME, Kraus M. Genetics and the central nervous system: apolipoprotein E and brain injury. AACN Clin Issues. 1998 Nov;9(4):524-30. Review. Abstract

Gross R. APOE epsilon4 allele and chronic traumatic brain injury. JAMA. 1997 Dec 24-31;278(24):2143. No abstract available. Abstract

O'Meara ES, Kukull WA, Sheppard L, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, Teri L, Pfanschmidt M, Thompson JD, Schellenberg GD, Larson EB. Head injury and risk of Alzheimer's disease by apolipoprotein E genotype. Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Sep 1;146(5):373-84. Abstract

Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Hamilton RL, et al. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a Jordan BD, Relkin NR, Ravdin LD, Jacobs AR, Bennett A, Gandy S. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing. JAMA. 1997 Jul 9;278(2):136-40. Abstract

Teasdale GM, Nicoll JA, Murray G, Fiddes M. Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with outcome after head injury. Lancet. 1997 Oct 11;350(9084):1069-71. Abstract

Tang MX, Maestre G, Tsai WY, Liu XH, Feng L, Chung WY, Chun M, Schofield P, Stern Y, Tycko B, Mayeux R. Effect of age, ethnicity, and head injury on the association between APOE genotypes and Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Dec 16;802:6-15. Abstract

Nicoll JA. Genetics and head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1996 Dec;22(6):515-7. Abstract

Katzman R, Galasko DR, Saitoh T, Chen X, Pay MM, Booth A, Thomas RG. Apolipoprotein-epsilon4 and head trauma: Synergistic or additive risks? Neurology. 1996 Mar;46(3):889-91. Abstract

Nicoll JA, Roberts GW, Graham DI. Amyloid beta-protein, APOE genotype and head injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Jan 17;777:271-5. Abstract

Jordan BD, Kanik AB, Horwich MS, Sweeney D, Relkin NR, Petito CK, Gandy S. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and fatal cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with dementia pugilistica. Ann Neurol. 1995 Oct;38(4):698-9. Abstract

Sorbi S, Nacmias B, Piacentini S, Repice A, Latorraca S, Forleo P, Amaducci L. ApoE as a prognostic factor for post-traumatic coma. Nat Med. 1995 Sep;1(9):852. Abstract

Roses AD, Saunders A. Head injury, amyloid beta and Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med. 1995 Jul;1(7):603-4. Abstract

Mayeux R, Ottman R, Maestre G, Ngai C, Tang MX, Ginsberg H, Chun M, Tycko B, Shelanski M. Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein-epsilon 4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1995 Mar;45(3 Pt 1):555-7. Abstract

Nicoll JA, Roberts GW, Graham DI. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele is associated with deposition of amyloid beta-protein following head injury. Nat Med. 1995;1(2):135-7. Abstract