Aging is divided into
1. Primary aging—due to inherent
progressive decreased activities of the
genes that regulate the cells.
2. Secondary aging (accelerated aging)—primarily due to oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress is mainly caused by
external factors such as environmental
factors, toxic materials, ionizing
radiations, or any disease or condition that
alters the vascular endothelium and the
cell wall membrane. These altered conditions
allow the entry of substances that
displace the zinc from cell-specific
carbonic anhydrase enzymes, leading to their
decreased levels, hence, leading to cellular
death.
What the medical field does not know is about
carbonic anhydrase enzymes, their molecular
reactions, and functions at the cellular level.
Carbonic anhydrase enzymes are ancient zinc
enzymes which are further divided into α,
which belongs to mammals and is thought to
be 200 to 300 million years old; the β,
which belongs to plants and is thought to
be 3.5...
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Aging is divided into
1. Primary aging—due to inherent
progressive decreased activities of the
genes that regulate the cells.
2. Secondary aging (accelerated aging)—primarily due to oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress is mainly caused by
external factors such as environmental
factors, toxic materials, ionizing
radiations, or any disease or condition that
alters the vascular endothelium and the
cell wall membrane. These altered conditions
allow the entry of substances that
displace the zinc from cell-specific
carbonic anhydrase enzymes, leading to their
decreased levels, hence, leading to cellular
death.
What the medical field does not know is about
carbonic anhydrase enzymes, their molecular
reactions, and functions at the cellular level.
Carbonic anhydrase enzymes are ancient zinc
enzymes which are further divided into α,
which belongs to mammals and is thought to
be 200 to 300 million years old; the β,
which belongs to plants and is thought to
be 3.5 billion years old; and γ, which belongs
to the methane-producing bacteria and is thought to
be about four billion years old. These
carbonic anhydrase enzymes are structurally
distinct from each other except they contain
the same zinc ion and catalyze the same
reaction: H2O + CO2 (reversible) H + HCO3.
In α carbonic anhydrase enzymes,
aside from uses and other functions that are known by the medical community, they produce hydrogen ions acted upon by the cytochrome system found in the mitochondria and utilized as
1. Fuel of the ion pump that maintains the
integrity of the cell wall membrane.
2. H + (hydrogen ion) + ADP (adenosine
diphosphate)—ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
fuel for all other cellular functions.
3. Glucose + O2 (oxygen)—H2O + CO2 = (O2)-2
(reactive oxygen 1 to 5 percent is produced).
Hydrogen ion is needed to neutralize the oxygen free radicals produced during aerobic respiration. Decreased levels of carbonic anhydrase enzymes lead to decreased levels of hydrogen ions produced to neutralize all reactive radicals, hence, oxidative stress.
In aging, there is a progressive decrease in levels of cell-specific carbonic anhydrase enzymes.
References:
U.S. Patent application # 11/801870, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Patent # 7256184 "Treatment of Aging Disorders in Humans." See http://www.uspto.gov.
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