16 Sep 2005

For years, geneticists studying tau have been stymied by the conspicuous absence of mutations in this hallmark protein of Alzheimer disease pathology. This has held back research on tau’s role in AD even as the function of this microtubule-associated protein in normal neurons has become quite clear. (By contrast, research on the amyloid hypothesis of AD has flourished since AD-causing mutations in three different genes converged on APP metabolism in the early 1990s.) Having just about given up on autosomal-dominant mutations in tau, AD researchers are looking for more subtle genetic shenanigans by this protein, and their efforts are beginning to look promising.

In the August 15 Human Molecular Genetics, a collaborative team of geneticists in the U.K., Taiwan, and the U.S. report data suggesting the presence of a pathogenic tau variant in two separate series of AD patients. Led by John Hardy at the National Institute on Aging in Bethesda, Maryland, the scientists compared the tau locus in 260 people with AD and 252 without it. They identified a region between exon 1 and intron 9 that appears to be linked with AD in these patients.

The present paper extends earlier work on genetic variability at the tau locus, which identified two evolutionary branches, or clades, that is, haplotypes H1 and H2 (see St. Moritz conference report). H1 is linked with the sporadic tauopathies progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Curiously, H2 appears to be a Neanderthal legacy, but, any assumptions about these forebears’ limited brainpower notwithstanding, H2 is underrepresented in PSP and CBD (see Hardy et al., 2005).

This spring, Hardy and colleagues at University College, London, reported that the H1 haplotype has great variability and identified one form, H1c, as the one that associated with the two tauopathies (Pittman et al., 2005). H1c now turned out to also be overrepresented in a U.K. and a U.S. series of autopsy-confirmed cases of sporadic, late-onset Alzheimer’s. However, the association was smaller than the one found for the tauopathies.

Clearly, this initial result needs confirmation in independent, and larger, populations before the field can make much of it. A whiff of an association is emerging from the ongoing AlzGene database meta analysis (see Q&A below). Previous studies failed to find an association for tau, but differed from this one in that they compared the H1 and H2 haplotypes rather than analyzing variants within H1.

For now, the study is intriguing, given that the field generally views amyloid toxicity pathways as involving tau. The authors speculate that a tau variant affects either tau expression or splicing in such a way that it makes neurons more vulnerable to amyloid-β. “We believe our data are most consistent with the view that, in the presence of an amyloid load, those individuals with [tau] loci which are either highly expressing or prone to express a more pathogenic species of tau through alternate splicing (Rapoport et al., 2002) are more prone to disease,” the authors write.—Gabrielle Strobel

Q&A with AlzGene curator Lars Bertram

Q: What is the AlzGene meta analysis?
A: For AlzGene, we aim to collect all genetic association studies performed in AD. Thus far, we have collected roughly 800 studies on almost 300 different genes that were tested as AD candidate genes. In studies using a case-control design, we can use the published genotype numbers to estimate a crude odds ratio, that is, an estimate of the associated effect (if there is any). For any specific Polymorphism, we can then use a statistical procedure—the meta-analysis—to estimate summary odds ratios, that is, the overall effect and its significance level across all published studies.

Q: Does tau show a signal in it?
A: Across the 16 case-control studies investigating the H1/H2 haplotype in AD to date, the overall summary odds ratio shows a marginally significant association suggesting a protective effect of the H2 haplotype (reducing the risk by about 5-10 percent), which can also be regarded as a risk effect of the H1 haplotype. However, when studies are included in the meta-analysis that investigate the Q7R polymorphism in the saitohin gene (STH), which is located in one of the introns of tau and is in complete linkage disequilibrium with the H1/H2 haplotype, these effects go away. We will upload this information to Alzgene shortly.

Q: Outside of AlzGene, are you seeing an association between H1c and AD in the patient series your group analyzes?
A: We have not investigated the tau locus yet.

Q: Myers et al. suggest the presence of a tau variant within the H1c haplotype that makes carriers more prone to developing AD. This is not an autosomal-dominant mutation of the sort that identified APP and the presenilin genes. Can current genetics methods eventually pinpoint such a pathologic gene variant in the tau locus?
A: While the more refined analysis of the H1c haplotype within the H1 clade could indeed reconcile some of the previous conflicting findings, it is unlikely that the risk effect of this variant is large. That means that large sample sizes are probably necessary to identify the underlying variant, if it exists.

Q: What should the next step be in testing or substantiating the H1c data?
A: Replication, replication, replication—and, of course, meta-analysis of all available data. But first, the authors of the previous tau-haplotype (and STH) studies may want to re-examine their data and genotype markers that distinguish the H1c haplotype from the more general H1 haplotype. If consistently positive signals emerge from these studies and the meta-analyses show a stronger or more significant effect, there could indeed be a chance that an as yet unidentified AD risk variant is hidden on the H1c background. But certainly this needs to be evaluated independently in sufficiently sized samples before any further conclusions can be drawn.

Comments

1. • Marc Cruts
     University of Antwerp (UA), Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)
   • Posted: 29 Sep 2005

   Myers et al. demonstrated association of a specific MAPT H1 haplotype (H1c) with late-onset AD using a 6-htSNP mapping panel that was developed based on HapMap data.

   We have recently studied MAPT association in a well-characterized early onset AD sample and found no significant association. We used a highly informative 15 htSNP panel that we developed based on complete resequencing of the MAPT gene in 23 individuals (Cruts et al. Hum Mol Genet 14: 1753-62 2005). We validated this htSNP set by finemapping MAPT association of progressive supranuclear palsy to a variant in a conserved regulatory region upstream of exon 1 (Rademakers et al. Hum Mol Genet In Press) and by identifying association with Parkinson’s disease in a sample not associated with the extended H1-H2 inversion haplotypes. Our highly informative htSNP panel captures more than 99 percent of the genetic diversity at MAPT, including the H1c haplotype (9 percent), which is one of the two ancestral H1 haplotypes (Rademakers et al. Hum Mol Genet In Press).

   Together, our data strongly suggest that the association of MAPT with late-onset AD reported by Myers et al. is not implicated in early onset AD and has a relatively small effect on AD susceptibility. We are currently analyzing the SNP panel which we extended to include 42 SNPs covering the 138 kb of MAPT in a large late-onset AD sample (N = 552) to test possible associations and if so, finemap the associated region harboring the underlying genetic susceptibility variant(s).

   Marc Cruts (marc.cruts@ua.ac.be), Rosa Rademakers (roos.rademakers@ua.ac.be), Kristel Sleegers (kristel.sleegers@ua.ac.be), Christine Van Broeckhoven (christine.vanbroeckhoven@ua.ac.be)

   References:

   Cruts M, Rademakers R, Gijselinck I, van der Zee J, Dermaut B, De Pooter T, de Rijk P, Del-Favero J, Van Broeckhoven C. Genomic architecture of human 17q21 linked to frontotemporal dementia uncovers a highly homologous family of low-copy repeats in the tau region. Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Jul 1;14(13):1753-62. PubMed.

   Rademakers R, Melquist S, Cruts M, Theuns J, Del-Favero J, Poorkaj P, Baker M, Sleegers K, Crook R, De Pooter T, Bel Kacem S, Adamson J, Van den Bossche D, Van den Broeck M, Gass J, Corsmit E, de Rijk P, Thomas N, Engelborghs S, Heckman M, Litvan I, Crook J, De Deyn PP, Dickson D, Schellenberg GD, Van Broeckhoven C, Hutton ML. High-density SNP haplotyping suggests altered regulation of tau gene expression in progressive supranuclear palsy. Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Nov 1;14(21):3281-92. PubMed.

   View all comments by Marc Cruts

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References

News Citations

1. St. Moritz: Part 3. This Research Isn't Folding Up: Genetics, Transport, Seeding, Protein Microscopy 26 May 2004

Paper Citations

2. Pittman AM, Myers AJ, Abou-Sleiman P, Fung HC, Kaleem M, Marlowe L, Duckworth J, Leung D, Williams D, Kilford L, Thomas N, Morris CM, Dickson D, Wood NW, Hardy J, Lees AJ, de Silva R. Linkage disequilibrium fine mapping and haplotype association analysis of the tau gene in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. J Med Genet. 2005 Nov;42(11):837-46. PubMed.
3. Rapoport M, Dawson HN, Binder LI, Vitek MP, Ferreira A. Tau is essential to beta -amyloid-induced neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 30;99(9):6364-9. PubMed.

Other Citations

1. Lars Bertram

External Citations

1. AlzGene

Further Reading

Papers

1. Singleton A, Myers A, Hardy J. The law of mass action applied to neurodegenerative disease: a hypothesis concerning the etiology and pathogenesis of complex diseases. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Apr 1;13 Spec No 1:R123-6. PubMed.
2. Oliveira SA, Scott WK, Zhang F, Stajich JM, Fujiwara K, Hauser M, Scott BL, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM, Martin ER. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype tagging polymorphisms in the Tau H1 haplotype. Neurogenetics. 2004 Sep;5(3):147-55. PubMed.

News

1. No Support Yet for Saitohin Link to Alzheimer’s Disease 20 Feb 2003