The drug memantine is a safe and effective therapy that helps patients suffering from moderate to severe Alzheimer disease for up to a year. However, evidence that the drug might slow the underlying pathology is weak. These are the two main conclusions of a 24-week, open-label extension of a 28-week, randomized clinical trial. Open-label extension allows patients who were originally assigned a placebo to receive the drug for the duration of the extension. The study appeared yesterday in the Archives of Neurology.

Memantine is a selective blocker of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type of glutamate receptor. Repeated activation of this receptor by the neurotransmitter glutamate can cause degeneration of those same neurons that are most vulnerable in AD. Senior author Barry Reisberg and colleagues at the New York University School of Medicine launched the original U.S. clinical trial to determine if this drug, which had been used for years in Germany, has any benefit for people suffering from the disease (see ARF related news story). Favorable results from that initial 6-month trial led to FDA approval for the drug in October 2003 (see ARF related news story).

Now, results from the open-label phase extend observations from the original trial. They also provide an opportunity to test the notion that memantine may actually tackle some of the underlying pathology of AD. This is possible because open-label extension is similar to the random-start design of a clinical trial that Paul Leber, then at the FDA, proposed to distinguish between drugs that have “disease-modifying” effects and ones that merely relieve symptoms (see Leber, 1997). In theory, a disease-modifying drug will not elicit as robust a response in patients who start therapy later, because by then the disease will have progressed further along. In other words, those patients may not “catch up” in terms of cognitive or neuropsychological ability to those who start treatment earlier. On the other hand, if the drug simply relieves symptoms, then patients who are started later may indeed catch up.

“The results suggest the mechanism of action may be symptomatic because the group switched from placebo ends up the same as the group who were on memantine from the start,” comments Martin Farlow, Indiana University School of Medicine, by e-mail. This is because at the end of the 52 weeks, there was no statistical difference in either the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL) scale or the New York University version of the Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Change plus caregiver input (CIBIC-Plus), the two main yardsticks the authors used to measure the efficacy of memantine. In other words, the original placebo group has “caught up” with those who had been on memantine all along. This is disappointing, because if memantine has no effect on the underlying progression of disease, then the benefits of memantine may peter out as the disease advances, leaving clinicians and caregivers the unenviable task of deciding if, and when, the medication should be stopped. Longer trials may shed some more light on this issue.

But the symptomatic benefits seem real. In both the ADCS-ADL and the CIBIC-Plus, patients who had received placebo in the original phase of the trial and then were switched over to memantine had significantly slower rates of decline during the second phase of the trial. “The results are consistent with memantine having a continued beneficial effect over one year but in the absence of a placebo group don’t prove it,” suggested Farlow. This speaks to one of the major shortcomings of open-label extensions, that is, the lack of placebo. In fact, Jeffrey Cummings, University of California, Los Angeles, addressed this point in an accompanying Archives of Neurology editorial. Reisberg and colleagues addressed the lack of placebo by extrapolating the rate of decline seen in the placebo group before they switched to drug. This method is “straightforward,” but "fails to take into account the observation that the rate of change in patients with moderate to severe [Alzheimer] disease accelerates over time until a stage of severe disease is reached," Cummings writes. The upshot is that “the result would be a slight underestimate of treatment effects,” he adds.—Tom Fagan

Comments

  1. The results of our study suggest that long-term (up to a year) use of memantine has sustained effects. We are encouraged that a high percentage of those completing the double-blind study enrolled in the open-label extension (97 percent), and that a high percentage of those who enrolled completed the open-label study (78 percent). This adds confidence to the observations that rates of change slowed down for subjects who switched from placebo to memantine, and remained slower than expected for subjects originally randomized to memantine.

    Our study cannot answer the question of what happens after the first year on treatment. As in all open-label extension studies, there is gradual attrition during the open-label period, and the patients who remain in the study until the end are not formally followed after the extension period is over. In my clinical experience, moderate to severe patients maintained on a cholinesterase inhibitor and memantine seem to decline more slowly and retain more function for an extended period of time, often many years. Ethical issues related to long-term randomization of AD patients to placebo groups for longer than 6 months or so prohibit designing studies that would provide a definitive answer regarding how long the treatments should be maintained. In clinical practice, I would raise the issue of discontinuing treatment with a family if I did not see any cognitive or functional ability that we would like to retain. Practically, this is increasingly rare as AD patients who now live into very late stages of disease often succumb to another condition despite retained abilities and continued antidementia treatment.

    Regarding your second point, memantine was used in Germany for many years before it began a formal development program in dementia, somewhat analogous to the use of hydergine in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world. The formal studies of memantine, performed according to draft regulatory guidelines which were not produced until the 1990s, resulted in the demonstration of efficacy in well-defined populations, and the approval of the drug here and in Europe.

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References

News Citations

  1. Memantine Relieves Symptoms in Moderate to Severe AD
  2. Memantine Wins FDA Approval

Paper Citations

  1. . Slowing the progression of Alzheimer disease: methodologic issues. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1997;11 Suppl 5:S10-21; discussion S37-9. PubMed.

Further Reading

Primary Papers

  1. . What we can learn from open-label extensions of randomized clinical trials. Arch Neurol. 2006 Jan;63(1):18-9. PubMed.
  2. . A 24-week open-label extension study of memantine in moderate to severe Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2006 Jan;63(1):49-54. PubMed.