The extract under study, a standardized formulation called EGb761, is commonly prescribed for AD in Europe, and in the form of a nutritional supplement, is widely used in the United States to enhance memory (see http://www.alzforum.org/dis/tre/drt/gingko.asp). The extract is known to have antioxidant properties, and to protect neuronal cells against amyloid toxicity. To probe the molecular action of the extract, first author Yanjue Wu tested it first on transgenic nematodes that have a temperature-sensitive Aβ overexpression construct incorporated into their muscle cells. These worms rapidly develop paralysis when Aβ is turned on with a temperature shift, and the researchers showed that feeding them the extract from birth delayed the onset of paralysis after Aβ induction. Fractionation of the extract showed the most potent activity was associated with Ginkolide A, one of the terpenic lactone compounds specific to the Ginkgo tree.

Next, the researchers looked at nematodes that expressed Aβ in neurons. In these worms, they found behavioral effects of Aβ, namely defects in chemotaxis and altered neurotransmission (as measured by serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine] hypersensitivity), both of which were normalized by feeding either the EGb 761 extract or the Ginkolide A fraction. The action of Ginkolide A in neuronal pathways is consistent with a previous report that the compound inhibits the effects of Aβ on LTP (Nakanishi, 2005).

The effects of Ginkgo correlated with the loss of oligomeric Aβ species in the worm, as detected by Western blotting with either Aβ- or oligomer-specific antibodies. Whether the Aβ was expressed in muscle or neurons, treatment with Ginkgo diminished oligomers detected by either A11 antibody (see ARF related news story) or NU-4 (Lambert et al., 2006). As oligomers went down, monomers went up, and once more Ginkolide A was most effective of the extract fractions. The treatment did not affect expression of the Aβ transgene, but it did inhibit the appearance of amyloid deposits in the head of the worm. The anti-amyloid activity of Ginkolide A may result from direct binding, as the compound bears some resemblance to other amyloid binders such as Congo red and curcumin.

The Ginkgo extract did have antioxidant activity in the worms, and the researchers showed that treatment caused a decrease in tissue hydrogen peroxide levels in Aβ-expressing worms. But the levels of peroxide did not correlate with paralysis, and reducing peroxide with vitamin C did not correct paralysis or inhibit Aβ oligomerization. In contrast, both paralysis and serotonin hypersensitivity correlated with Aβ load. While the researchers say they cannot rule out a role for the antioxidant activity of Ginkgo in its neuroprotective effects, their results indicate that the extract may have a more direct anti-amyloid activity.—Pat McCaffrey.

Reference:
Wu Y, Wu Z, Butko P, Christen Y, Lambert MP, Klein WL, Link CD, Luo Y. Amyloid-beta-induced pathological behaviors are suppressed by Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 and Ginkgolides in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurosci. 2006 Dec 13;26(50):13102-13. Abstract